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Renal Week 1 > Glomerular Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Glomerular Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

what is male percentage of body weight that is water? Female?

A

60%

50%

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2
Q

what percent of water is in cells?

A

2/3

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3
Q

what fraction of water is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3

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4
Q

what percent of the ECF fluid is in plasma?

A

25%

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5
Q

what percent of the ECF fluid is in the interstitium?

A

75%

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6
Q

how is osmolality defined?

A

mOsm of a solute per kilogram of water

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7
Q

define tonicity

A

effective osmolality refers to the osmolality of solutes that do not freely cross the membrane

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8
Q

what is the normal osmolality of ICF and ECF?

A

275-295 mOsm/Kg

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9
Q

do salt and water intake directly affect the tonicity?

A

sure do

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10
Q

what four molecules contribute to the total osmolality?

A

Na, Glucose, BUN, and alcohol

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11
Q

what is the equation for total osmolality?

A

2xNa+glucose/18+BUN/2.8+EtOH/3.7

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12
Q

what is the equation for effective osmolality?

A

2xNa+glucose/18

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13
Q

why are BUN and EtOH not included in the effective osmolality equation?

A

because they do not cross the membrane

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14
Q

between ICF and ECF, what is exerting force for movement?

A

TONICITY

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15
Q

what is the net excretion equation?

A

filtration+secretion-reabsorption

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16
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

rate of filtration at the glomerulus…main measure of kidney function

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17
Q

what is normal GFR for female and male?

A

Femal 95+-20

Male 120+-25

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18
Q

what is normal renal blood flow?

A

1000ml/min

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19
Q

equation for renal plasma flow?

A

renal blood flow X (1-hematocrit)

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20
Q

how to calculate the filtered load of a molecule?

A

GFR times the Plasma concentration of the solute

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21
Q

how to measure the excreted load?

A

Flow rate of urine times urine concentration of solute

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22
Q

how to measure reabsorption?

A

filtered load minus excreted load

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23
Q

how to measure secretion amount of solute?

A

excretion load minus filtered load

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24
Q

what is the unit of clearance?

A

ml/min

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25
define clearance rate?
volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a substance per unit time
26
what is the clearance formula?
urine flow rate times urine concentration of solute divided by plasma concentration of solute
27
what is required to use a clearance formula?
plasma concentration must be in a steady state
28
when is clearance 0?
when there is no filtration or secretion or solute totally reabsorbed
29
in what scenario is GFR equal to excretion?
when solute is freely filtered, but not secreted or reabsorbed
30
which two molecules almost meet requirements where GFR is equal to excreted load or clearance?
inulin and creatinine
31
where do we get inulin?
from infusion...so to test GFR with this it takes a while
32
since inulin is tough to use for GFR, what body molecule can we use? why?
creatinine...stable levels in plasma...only little bit is secreted and nothing is reabsorbed so pretty accurate of the GFR
33
what two things are needed for a creatinine GFR test?
plasma sample and urine sample
34
what three things can affect the levels of creatinine?
diet, changes in muscle mass and age
35
how many milliliters are in a deciliter?
100 ml/dl
36
how will creatinine levels be affected if GFR is low?
plasma creatinine increases in proportion to the decline in the GFR
37
in acute changes of GFR, what happens to creatinine levels in the plasma?
they remain the same
38
if creatinine levels in plasma remain the same and the GFR is cut in half, what happens to the filtered load and clearance volume?
it is halved as well
39
after an acute change in GFR, how does the body respond to normalize the filtration load?
increases plasma creatinine concentration over time
40
what molecule is used to measure renal plasma flow?
PAH para amino hippuric acid
41
what percent of PAH is filtered and actively secreted in one pass?
90%
42
since only 90% of PAH is cleared, how do we estimate the renal plasma flow with this number?
clearance is equal to 90% of renal plasma flow
43
what is the equation for RPF?
RPF is equal to (UV/Ppah)/0.9 extraction ratio
44
what is the filtration fraction?
fraction of plasma that is filtered
45
what is the filtration fraction equation?
GFR/RPF
46
what does the filtration fraction usually equal to?
20%
47
the basement membrane in the glomerular filtration is negatively or positively charged?
negatively
48
the negative charged basement membrane of the glomerulus makes it harder for which molecules to pass and easier for which molecules?
harder for negative charges | easier for positive charges
49
what is the size cutoff for filtration through glomerulus?
40 angstroms
50
why is albumin not filtered through glomerulus?
it is 36 angstroms but since it has a negative charge it cannot pass through the basement membrane
51
compared to positive charged molecules, negatively charged molecule need to be bigger or smaller to pass through glomerulus filtration barrier?
Smaller
52
give the starling force equation for GFR
Kf((PGC-PBS)-(oncoticGC-oncoticBS)) Kf is coefficient PGC is hydrostatic pressure in caps PBS is hydrostatic in space
53
does plasma oncotic pressure increase or decrease along length of capillary?
increases because fluid going out and proteins staying in capillary
54
does hydrostatic pressure increase or decrease along lenght of glomerular capillary?
pretty much stays the same
55
hos is GFR maintained at variable MAPs?
RAAS autoregulation
56
does urinary obstrcution lead to higher or lower GFR?
lower GFR because increased pressure in bowmans space
57
does increased albumin lead to higher or lower GFR?
lower because of high levels of plasma oncotic pressure and water retention
58
in hypovolemia, the RAAS system is activated and leads to an increase in what molecule?
angiotensin II
59
in hypovolemia angiotensin II has what effect in glomerulus?
constricts the efferent arteriole...so increases the GFR
60
in hypovolemia, the GFR increases and the efferent arteriole is constricted...so what happens to the RPF and the filtration rate?
RPF decreases and FF increases
61
in hypovolemia, will the peritubular capllaries have increased or decreased plasma oncotic pressure? what effect will this have?
increased...leads to more reabsorption of filtrate and volume of blood increasing
62
in hypervolemia, what is turned off?
RAAS system...so decrease angiotensin II
63
in hypervolemia, what does the decreased angiotensin II do to the glomerulus?
dilates the efferent arteriole and therefore decreases the GFR
64
in hypervolemia, the GFR is increased, but what about the RPF and the filtration rate?
RPF is increased and the FF is decreased
65
in hypervolemia, with the low GFR, what happens to peritubular plasma oncotic pressure? what effect does this have on filtrate?
decreases the oncotic pressure and therefore less filtrate is reabsorbed and volume is lost
66
diabetes insipidus is a disorder of what molecule? and leads to what?
ADH production is low or resistant...leads to loads of urine

Renal Week 1 (8 decks)

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