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Intro to Med > Overview of CVS > Flashcards

Overview of CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system defined as?

A

The cardiovascular system is defined as the heart, blood vessels
and approximately 5 litres of blood

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2
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Random, undirected, thermal
movement of molecules

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3
Q

What is the equation used in passive diffusion?

A

Time t needed
to diffuse a net distance x
is proportional to
the square of distance
t is proportional to x^2

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4
Q

What is convection transport?

A

CONVECTION TRANSPORT
causes movement of fluids and solutes
down a pressure gradient

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5
Q

What does convection transport provide?

A

provides
in a resting healthy person
a circulating blood flow delivering
O2 transport to cells
of about 5 litres per minute

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6
Q

What does failure of heart or pressure gradient prevent?

A

Failure of heart (e.g., cardiac arrest)
or pressure gradient (e.g., sepsis)
prevents convection transport
- No O2 transport
to tissue and organs -

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7
Q

What type of circulation is the cardiovascular system and what are the parts in?

A

Cardiovascular System is a Dual circulation
Parts are in parallel and in series

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8
Q

What are the parts in parallel in the CVS?

A

-Cardiac output is ‘split up
-Safeguard O2 supply
-Most organs are supplied this way

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9
Q

What are the parts in series in the CVS?

A

-Liver and kidneys receive ‘used’ blood
-Can be an issue for these organs if CVS is
compromised

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10
Q

What type of system is the CVS?

A

The CVS is a closed system

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11
Q

What happens in the CVS in a closed system?

A

-5 l/min of blood returns to the right side of the heart (Venous circulation)
-5 l/min of blood is ejected by the right side of the heart to lungs and
-5 l/min of blood returns to left side of heart (Pulmonary circulation)
-5 l/min of blood is ejected by left ventricle to the body (Systemic circulation)

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12
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of heart beats per min

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13
Q

What is stroke volume and units?

A

(SV, ml) – Volume of blood ejected from heart per beat

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14
Q

What is cardiac output and units?

A

Cardiac Output (CO, ml/min) – Volume of blood ejected from heart per min
which is the same as Blood Flow (BF, ml/min) in circulation

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15
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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16
Q

What is blood pressure and units?

A

(mmHg) – Pressure of circulating BF on blood vessel walls

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17
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

Resistance of arterial blood vessels to BF

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18
Q

What is the equation of arterial BP?

A

Arterial BP = CO x TPR

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19
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

Blood flow = Arterial BP / TPR

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20
Q

What does the left ventricle do and what does this create?

A

Left ventricle - Ejects blood to body at high pressure
High ejection pressures create pressure difference with distance blood vessels

21
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta?

A

Aorta (>100mmHg)

22
Q

What is the pressure in small arteries?

A

Small arteries (30 mmHg),

23
Q

What is the pressure in large veins?

A

Large veins (5 mmHg)

24
Q

Cardiac muscle gets no nerve input, therefore it is?

A

Cardiac Muscle is MYOGENIC

25
Q

What do SA nodes do?

A

Generates pacemaker potential

26
Q

What do AV nodes do?

A

Slows conduction to allow
appropriate filling of ventricles

27
Q

What do bundle branches, purkinje fibres do?

A

Conduction

28
Q

What do atria and ventricles do to electrical conduction?

A

Action potentials converted into contraction

29
Q

What are the steps involved in electrical conduction leading to contraction?

A

(1) Electrical activity generated in SA
node (non-contractile tissue)
spreads out into atria to produce
(2) contraction
Electrical activity enters AV node (non-
contractile tissue), which delays
conduction before stimulating ventricles
- allows ventricles to fill proper from
atrial contraction -
(3) Excitation conducts rapidly through
bundle of His into ventricles
(4) Excitation through purkinje fibres is
conducted throughout the ventricles
producing contraction

30
Q

Where does ventricular excitation and contraction begin and spread to?

A

Ventricular excitation and contraction begins at the apex then spreads to base of heart

31
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = volume of blood ejected from ventricles per minute

32
Q

What 4 things control cardiac output?

A
  1. Filling pressure
  2. sympathetic/parasympathetic autonomic nerves
  3. Chemical factors-hormones(adrenaline)
  4. Afterload
33
Q

What may affect filling pressure?

A

e.g., Hypovolemia
i.v. fluids given
Increases venous return and SV/CO
Maintains blood pressure and flow

34
Q

What may affect sympathetic/parasympathetic autonomic nerves?

A

e.g., Exercise
Increase in sympathetic NS
(release of noradrenaline and adrenaline)
Increase in HR and SV
Increasing CO to > 20 l/min

35
Q

What may affect afterload?

A

e.g., Hypertension
High arterial BP
opposes ejection
of blood
Can lead to reduced
SV and heart failure

36
Q

What is the equation for blood velocity?

A

Blood velocity = blood flow(cm^3/s)/ cross sectional area(cm^2)(number x pi*r^2 per vessel)

37
Q

What do arterioles determine and set?

A

Arterioles determine TPR and set arterial blood
pressure upstream

38
Q

Why is the pulmonary system low pressure?

A

low pressure system (allows gaseous exchange to occur)

39
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

Blood flow = Arterial BP / TPR

40
Q

What does a decrease in cardiac output lead to?

A

Decrease in blood volume
(hypovolemia)
e.g., haemorrhage or dehydration
Will reduce BP and produce poor
blood flow to tissues

41
Q

What does increased TPR lead to?

A

Excessive arteriole constriction
will ‘switch off’ blood flow to tissues
Associated with increase arterial BP
upstream of constriction
e.g., in hypertension

42
Q

What is the equation for BP?

A

BP=CO*TPR

43
Q

What are the 4 main functional groups that blood vessels form?

A

1.Elastic vessels
2.Resistance vessels
3.Capacitance vessels
4. Exchange vessels

44
Q

What do elastic vessels do?

A

Accommodate stroke volume
Convert intermittent ejection
into continuous flow

45
Q

What do resistance vessels do?

A

Control arterial BP
Control local blood flow

46
Q

What do capacitance vessels do?

A

Control filling pressure
Reservoir of blood

47
Q

What do exchange vessels do?

A

Nutrient delivery to cells
Tissue water
& lymph formation
Removal of metabolic waste

48
Q

Where is most of the distribution of blood volume?

A

Large veins, small veins and venules make up 65%

Intro to Med (46 decks)

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