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Intro to Med > Introduction to the structure and function of blood > Flashcards

Introduction to the structure and function of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of blood

A

Structure of blood:
-Plasma(fluid)
-Cells
-Red cells
-White cells
-Platelets

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2
Q

What is the top, middle and bottom layer of blood after centrifuging?

A

-Top layer is plasma
-In between the top and bottom layer, there is a buffy coat which consists of white cells
-Bottom later is red cells

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3
Q

What are red blood cells also referred to as?

A

-Also referred to as erythrocytes

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4
Q

What shaped discs are red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs

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5
Q

Is there genetic information in red blood cells

A

-Has no nucleus, no DNA, RNA or mitochondria

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6
Q

Average lifespan of Red blood cell

A

-Average life span is around 120 days

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7
Q

Diameter of RBC

A

Diameter is 8μm

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8
Q

Thickness of RBC

A

Thickness is 2μm

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9
Q

What are white blood cells also referred to as?

A

Also referred to as leukocytes

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10
Q

Colour of WBC?

A

They’re colourless

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11
Q

What are the 2 most common types of white blood cells

A

-The two most common types are:
-Neutrophils
-Lymphocytes

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12
Q

What does it mean by neutrophils being polymorphnuclear?

A

-Meaning they are irregular and multi-lobed nucleus

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13
Q

Are neutrophils granulocytes and what are granulocytes?

A

yes and this means they contain prominent cytoplasmic granules

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14
Q

What are examples of other granulocytes?

A

Eosinophils and Basophil

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15
Q

What stain is used for the granules in eosinophils and what colour do they stain?

A

-The granules stain red with eosin(1-4% of WBC)

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16
Q

What stain is used for the granules in Basophil and what colour do they stain?

A

-The granules stain blue/purple with basic dyes(<0.5% of wbc)

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17
Q

Do Mononuclear cells have granules?

A

Lack granules

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18
Q

Describe nuclei of mononuclear cells?

A

Large, regular nuclei

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of mononuclear cells

A

-2 types:
-Monocytes
-Lymphocytes

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20
Q

What are platelets

A

Cytoplasmic fragments

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21
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No nucleus

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22
Q

What are platelets bound by?

A

Membrane bound

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23
Q

Do platelets contain granules?

A

Contains granules

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24
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

Mature blood cells are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow

25
Q

What is plasma and what does it contain?

A

-Fluid containing:
-Water
-Salts
-Proteins
-Organic molecules
-Metabolites
-Carbohydrates
-Lipids

26
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is the fluid left after blood clotting

27
Q

What percentage of protein is normal in plasma?

A

Normal: 7-9% of plasma is protein

28
Q

What protein is >90% of the protein plasma?

A

But >90% is a single protein: albumin

29
Q

What is the function of blood

A

-Transport
-Defence
-Homeostasis

30
Q

What does blood carry and remove?

A

-Carry oxygen/nutrients to tissue
-Remove CO2/ other waste products from tissues

31
Q

Transport of oxygen and CO2 and what enzymes aid it

A

-For example erythrocytes aka RBC transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues as well as carrying CO2 in the form of bicarbonate
-The red cell enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps CO2 to:
-Dissolve in plasma in the tissues
-Come out of solution in the lungs

32
Q

What carries the poorly soluble substances and what are these substances?

A

-Plasma proteins carry substances which are poorly soluble in water
-lipids
-lipid soluble hormones and vitamins

33
Q

What carries metal ions in the blood and what are examples?

A

-Plasma proteins also carry metal ions like
-Ca2+
-Fe2+
-Cu2+

34
Q

What is haemoglobin and its structure?

A

-Protein tetramer made up of 4 polypeptide chains:
-2 alpha globin chains
-2 beta globin chains

35
Q

What does each globin chain carry in haemoglobin?

A

-Each globin chain carries a haem molecule

36
Q

What atom does haem hold?

A

-The haem holds a ferrous(Fe^2+) iron atom

37
Q

How does oxygen bind to haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen binds reversibly to the iron atom by a coordination bond

38
Q

What does a pulse oximetry measure and determine?

A

-Measures the colour of the haemoglobin
-Determines if the patient is hypoxic

39
Q

What do neutrophils do and what are they main mediators of?

A

-Phagocytose and kill bacteria and fungi
-Main mediators of innate immunity

40
Q

What do lymphocytes mediate, what do they produce and what do they do?

A

-Main mediators of adaptive immunity
-Produces antibodies
-Kill virus infected cells

41
Q

What do eosinophils kill and what are they involved in?

A

-Kill parasites
-Involved in allergic response

42
Q

What are basophils and what are they involved in?

A

-Kill parasites
-Involved in allergic response
-Involved in inflammation

43
Q

What do monocytes(macrophages) do?

A

Phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens

44
Q

What are immunoglobulins made by and what do they act as?

A

-Made by B-lymphocytes
-Act as antibodies against pathogens

45
Q

What does complement proteins kill and what cells do they cooperate with?

A

-Kill bacteria and other pathogens
-Cooperate with Ig and WBC

46
Q

What is the major role of platelets and how do they do that?

A

-Major role: Primary haemostasis
-Recognise damage at blood vessel wall
-Form a platelet plug
-Prevent/stop bleeding
-Platelet plug stop bleeding-but insecure and temporary

47
Q

What are the basic steps in haemostasis within the plasma?

A

-Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein
-Converted to Fibrin, forms blood clot
-Clotting factors control process
-Fibrin clot reinforces primary platelet plug

48
Q

What is total blood volume for a 70kg male and what is that in ml per kg?

A

Total blood volume is around 5 litres for a 70kg male
-Therefore it is about 70ml per kilogram

49
Q

What is haematocrit also known as?

A

-Also known as packed cell volume
= volume of vells/total volume

50
Q

What does having too little or too many red cell in a given volume in haematocrit indicate?

A

-Having too many or too little red cells in a given volume may indicate disease

51
Q

What does a full blood test include?

A

-Haemoglobin concentration (Hb in g/l) / Mean (red) cell haemoglobin content(MCHC)
-Mean red cell volume(MCV)
-Haematocrit (RBC vol/total vol)
-White blood cell count
-Platelet count

52
Q

What is Haemoglobin concentration and what is it used to diagnose?

A

-overall concentration of haemoglobin in the blood
-Used to diagnose anaemia

53
Q

What is mean red cell haemoglobin content?

A

-How much Hb in each red cell

54
Q

What is the mean corpuscular volume?

A

-Size of the RBCs

55
Q

What does the white blood cell count in a full blood count test include and why are these important?

A

-Total white blood cell count
-Neutrophil count
-Lymphocyte count

Important to diagnose infection

56
Q

What do liver function tests check for?

A

-Check albumin concentration
-Liver enzymes(released from damaged liver cells)
-Clotting factors

57
Q

What do urea and electrolytes test do?(U&E)

A

-Test kidney function
-And metabolic abnormalities

58
Q

What do blood glucose tests do?

A

-Test for diabetes

59
Q

What does a lipid profile consist of?

A

-Triglycerides
-Cholesterol
-LDL and HD

Intro to Med (46 decks)

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