Overview of clinical Epidemiology

Question 1

Application of epidemiologic principles and methods to practice of clinical medicine

Answer 1

Clinical Epidemiology

Question 2

Deals with population

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

Deals with individual

Answer 3

Clinical medicine

Question 4

Works with a defined population of patients rather than a community-based population

Answer 4

Clinical epidemiology

Question 5

Modern term for application of clinical epidemiolody to the care of patients

Answer 5

Evidence based medicine

Question 6

A set of symptoms. physical signs, and laboratory abnormalites

Answer 6

Disease

Question 7

Symptoms such as pain, nausea, dyspnea, itching, tinnitus

Answer 7

Discomfort

Question 8

Impaired ability to go about usual activities at home, work or recreation

Answer 8

Disability

Question 9

Emotional reaction to disease and its care such as sadness and anger

Answer 9

Dissatisfaction

Question 10

A bad outcome if untimely

Answer 10

Death

Question 11

An arbitary cut off point on the frquency of distribution in normal

Answer 11

2 SD above or below the mean

Question 12

In use of percentile, ___ % is considered the dividing line between normal and abnromal

Answer 12

95%

5% population is abnormal

Question 13

Increased risk of furture disease

Answer 13

Abnormality

Question 14

/it is better to define values of a particular test if they are associated with the presence of disease state

Answer 14

Abnormal as clinical disease

Question 15

Determined by evidence from ramdomized controlled trials which indicate the level at which treatment does more good than harm
-rarely available in clinical practice

Answer 15

Abnormal as treateable

Question 16

What is wrong with me

Answer 16

Diagnosis

Question 17

To help in confirming possible diagnoses suggested by for example, the demographic features and symptoms od the patient

Answer 17

Purpose

Question 18

• Begins at diagnosis
• express probability that a particular event will occur
• Foretelling

Answer 18

Prognosis

Question 19

Evolution of the disease that has come under medical care

Answer 19

Clinical Course

Question 20

Prognosis of disesase without medical intervention

Answer 20

Natural History

Question 21

These factors influence disease progression

Answer 21

Prognostic Risk Factors

Question 22

Characteristics associated with outcome in patients with the disease in question

Answer 22

Prognostic factors

Question 23

Important to determine when to intervene

Answer 23

Knowledge about stages, mechanisms, cause of disease, and prognostic risk factors

Question 24

Types of clinical prevention

Answer 24

Immunization, screening, behavioral counseling

Question 25

Level of prevention: Keeps disease from occuring at all by removing its causes

Answer 25

Primary prevention

Question 26

Detects early disease when it is asymptomatic and when treatment can stop it from progressing

Answer 26

Secondary prevention

Question 27

Describes the clinical activities that prevent deteriotation or reduce complications after a disease has declared itself

Answer 27

Tertiary prevention

Question 28

Denotes wether or not a patient benefits from the medical care provided

Answer 28

Outcome

Question 29

Does the agent or intervention “work” under ideal “laboratory” conditions?

Answer 29

Efficacy

Question 30

Measure in a situation in which all conditions are controlled to maximize the effect of agent

Answer 30

Efficacy

Question 31

If we administer the agent in “real life” is it effective?

Answer 31

Effectiveness

Question 32

If an agent is shown to be effective, what is its cost benefit ratio?
- cost includes not only money but also discomfort, pain, absenteeism, disability, social stigma

Answer 32

Efficiency

Question 33

Best study design to prove effectiveness of treatment

Answer 33

Randomized Controlled trials