Epidemic Investigation

Question 1

The unusual occurrence in a community of disease, specific health related behavior, or other health related events clearly in EXCESS of expected occurrence

Answer 1

Epidemic

Question 2

t/f Epidemics can occur upon endemic states too

Answer 2

true

Question 3

usually limited to a small focal area

Answer 3

Outbreak

Question 4

covers larger geographical areas & has more than one focal point.

Answer 4

Epidemic

Question 5

It refers to the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group.
> It is the usual or expected frequency of DISEASE WITHIN A POPULATION

Answer 5

Endemic

Question 6

disease is constantly present at high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.

Answer 6

hyperendemic

Question 7

high level of infection beginning early in life and affecting most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do the children (e.g. malaria)

Answer 7

holoendemic

Question 8

An epidemic usually affecting a large proportion of the population, occuring over a wide geographic area such as a section of a nation, the entire nation, a continent or the world, e.g. Influenza pandemics

Answer 8

Pandemic

Question 9

imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur, as for example, rabies in the UK.

Answer 9

Exotic diseases

Question 10

scattered about

Answer 10

Sporadic

Question 11

an infection that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man

Answer 11

Zoonosis

Question 12

an outbreak (epidemic) of disease in an animal population, e.g. rift valley fever.

Answer 12

Epizootic

Question 13

endemic occurring in animals, e.g. bovine TB

Answer 13

Enzootic

Question 14

an outbreak occur in a group of people eating food contaminated with microorganisms

Answer 14

COMMON-VEHICLE OUTBREAK

Question 15

TYPES OF EXPOSURES

Answer 15

Single exposure
Multiple exposure
Periodic exposure
Continuous exposure

Question 16

A contaminated food is served only once resulting in single exposure to people who eat it

Answer 16

Single Exposure

Question 17

Food served more than once, resulting to multiple exposures to people who eat it more than once

Answer 17

Multiple exposure

Question 18

A water supply contaminated with sewage because of leaky pipes

Answer 18

Periodic Exposure

Question 19

Cause multiple exposures causing intermittent contamination

Answer 19

Periodic exposure

Question 20

Constant leak leads to persistent contamination

Answer 20

Continuous Exposure

Question 21

there is rapid increase in no. of cases of a disease in a population

Answer 21

Explosive

Question 22

the first wave of cases would not expect the disease to develop in people who were not exposed… Unless there are other affected of the disease in the community

Answer 22

Self-evident

Question 23

t/f In food-borne outbreak, cases rarely occur in persons who acquire it from primary case

Answer 23

T

Question 24

Number of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops

Answer 24

Attack Rate

Question 25

Determinants of disease development

Answer 25

Risk Factor

Question 26

graphical depiction of the number of cases of illness by the date of illness onset

Answer 26

epidemic curve

Question 27

The overall shape of the epi curve can reveal the type of outbreak

Common source
Point source
Propagated

Answer 27

Outbreak Pattern of Spread

Question 28

> P eople are exposed continuously or intermittently to a harmful source
Period of exposure may be brief or long
Intermittent exposure often results in an epi curve with irregular peaks that reflect the timing and the extent of exposure
Continuous exposure will often cause cases to rise gradually (and possibly to plateau, rather than to peak)

Answer 28

Common Source

Question 29

Typically shows a sharp upward slope and a gradual downward slope

Answer 29

Point Source

Question 30

Is a common source outbreak in which the period of exposure is brief, and all cases occur within one incubation period

Answer 30

Point Source

Question 31

Is spread from person to person

Can last longer than common source

Answer 31

Propagated

Question 32

has progressively taller peaks, an incubation period apart

Answer 32

Propagated Outbreak

Question 33

Can provide a sense of the magnitude of an outbreak

Answer 33

Epidemic Curve

Question 34

Allow information about the time trend of the outbreak to be gleaned

Answer 34

Outbreak Time Trend

Question 35

If the timing of the exposure is known, epi curves can be used to estimate the incubation period of the disease
The time between the exposure and the peak of the epi curve represents the median incubation period

Answer 35

Incubation Period for the Outbreak

Question 36

Plot the number of cases of disease reported during an outbreak on the

Answer 36

Y- AXIS

Question 37

Plot the time or date of illness onset

Answer 37

X-AXIS

Question 38

There should not be any space between the x-axis categories

Answer 38

HISTOGRAMS

Question 39

Cases where answers are not obvious and further support is needed to decide evaluate the relationship between risk factors and causation

Answer 39

analytical epidemiology

Question 40

Both of these studies make use of a comparison group to quantify relationship between exposure and disease

Answer 40

case-control study

prospective cohort study

Question 41

attack rate exposed group
attack rate unexposed group
Compute for relative risk
(+) values for incidence of disease in exposed and non-exposed group

Answer 41

Cohort

Question 42

% of cases exposed (diseased)
% of controls exposed (non diseased)
We do not know the incidence of disease in both exposed and non-exposed group
Compute for the odds ratio

Answer 42

Case control