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Biochemistry II > Overview, Bioenergetics and Metabolism > Flashcards

Overview, Bioenergetics and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

C=O

A

Carbonyl

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2
Q

R-C-H (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)

A

Aldehyde

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3
Q

R-C-R (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)

A

Ketone

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4
Q

COOH

A

Carboxyl

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5
Q

R-C-O-R (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)

A

Ester

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6
Q

R-S-C-R (there’s a double bonded O on the C as well)

A

Thioester

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7
Q

OH

A

Hydroxyl

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8
Q

CH3

A

Methyl

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9
Q

P

A

Phosphate

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10
Q

NH2

A

Amino

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11
Q

What is a derivative of niacin, accepts, and donates electrons?

A

NAD/NADH

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12
Q

What is a derivative of riboflavin, accepts and donates electrons?

A

FAD/FADH2

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13
Q

What is a derivative of pantothenic acid as well as holds or transfers acetyl and acyl groups?

A

Coenzyme A

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14
Q

Which enzyme creates thioester bonds?

A

Coenzyme A

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15
Q

What does the A stand for in Coenzyme A?

A

Acetylation

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16
Q

What happens when the coenzyme breaks off of a molecule?

A

It gives off a lot of energy which can be coupled to another reaction.

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17
Q

What is the definition of enzyme?

A

proteins that lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed, which increases the rate of the reaction

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18
Q

Can enzymes be used up after going through a reaction?

A

No

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19
Q

Kinase

A

adds phosphate

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20
Q

Phosphatase

A

removes phosphate

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21
Q

Isomerase

A

rearrange moleules

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22
Q

Mutase

A

shift a group on the molecule

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23
Q

Synthase (synthetase)

A

to build something

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24
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

oxidize or reduce something. They work with coenzymes, NAD, FAD or NADP

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25
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons/hydrogen, or addition of an oxygen

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26
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons/hydrogen, or loss of an oxygen

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27
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical transformations within a cell or organism that occur because of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that make up the metabolic pathways

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28
Q

What is metabolism used for?

A

to make chemical energy, build macromolecules, synthesize and breakdown molecules

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29
Q

Only one pathway can be running at one time. True or False?

A

False

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30
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

when smaller molecules get put together to make larger molecules, which requires energy

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31
Q

which pathway is endergonic?

A

anabolic

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32
Q

Which pathway is usually a reduction reaction?

A

anabolic

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33
Q

catabolic pathways

A

breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules, which gives off energy

34
Q

which pathway is exergonic?

35
Q

Which pathway is usually an oxidation reaction?

36
Q

enzymes act as ____

A

regulators

37
Q

When the fat breakdown pathway is active, the fat synthesis pathway is also active. True or false?

38
Q

Can different pathways use the sa,e enzymes?

A

Sometimes, they won’t share all, however

39
Q

What must be present in order to make sure the correct pathway is running?

A

key regulatory enzymes

40
Q

Paired pathways can occur in ____ areas of the cell.

41
Q

If there is a lot of reactent, then the pathway will be _____.

A

stimulated

42
Q

If there is none of a reactent, then the pathway will be ____.

43
Q

If there is a lot of product, then the pathway will be

44
Q

If there is no product, then the pathway will be ____.

A

stimulated

45
Q

Enzymes can be _____ or _____ while products and reactants are not ____ or ____.

A

stimulated, inhibited, stimulated, inhibited

46
Q

What else can regulate reactions?

A

hormone signaling, energy requirements

47
Q

What are some examples of hormones that can influence reactions?

A

insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and norepinephrine

48
Q

What happens when the body has a lot of ATP?

A

it has the energy to build fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol and nucleotides

49
Q

What happens when the body has no ATP?

A

the body will run the phosphocreatine system, glycolysis, fat oxidation, amino acid oxidation and aerobic system

50
Q

Bioenergetics

A

transfer and use of energy in biologic systems.

51
Q

We are ____ systems, which means that we can exchange energy and matter with our surroundings

52
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy, which means that energy cannot be created or destroyed and can be changed from one to another

53
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

disorder, which means that the universe tends to move toward disorder

54
Q

Entropy

A

disorder of components in a chemical system. S is positive when disorder increases

55
Q

Enthalpy

A

head content in the chemical reaction. Depends on the number and types of chemical bonds. H is negative when the reaction releases heat.

56
Q

Exothermic

A

reaction releases heat

57
Q

Endothermic

A

reaction absorbs heat

58
Q

____ and ____ are both used to make a biochemical reaction proceed and determine free energy

A

entropy, enthalpy

59
Q

Free energy can determine whether or not a reaction can proceed ____

A

spontaneously

60
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

change in available energy, this will predict if a reaction will proceed and in what direction. Cells turn this energy into ATP.

61
Q

What does GIbbs free energy predict?

A

whether a reaction is favorable and will approach zero as the reaction proceeds to equilibrium

62
Q

Negative delta G

A

net loss of energy, reaction proceeds, reaction is exergonic

63
Q

Exergonic

A

reactent gets turned into product

64
Q

Positive delta G

A

implies a net gain of energy, reaction does not proceed, energy has to be added to the system to make it proceed

65
Q

Endergonic

A

product gets turned into reactant

66
Q

Delta G is zero

A

reactants are at equilibrium, reactions will continue until G is zero

67
Q

Standard free energy

A

free energy using standard conditions

68
Q

Additive

A

you can add the free energy together to determine whether the pathway can move forward. As long as it’s negative, then it can move forward

69
Q

What must happen if there is an endergonic reaction?

A

There must be an exergonic reaction coupled with it

70
Q

ATP

A

a high energy molecules and breaking it down gives us energy to accomplish other things

71
Q

____ is used for coupling with endergonic reactions to make the reaction even possible.

72
Q

When ATP is used with an endergonic reaction, what can it do?

A

make the reaction go, transport molecules against a concentration gradient, mechanical motion

73
Q

ATP has a _____turnover rate

74
Q

What is the energy charge controlled by?

A

cell activity

75
Q

What is cell activity controlled by?

A

energy charge

76
Q

Where is adenylate cyclase located?

A

plasma membrane

77
Q

What does adenylate cyclase do?

A

catalyzes the reaction with results in cAMP

78
Q

What does cAMP stimulate?

A

AMP kinase

79
Q

What are the other names for AMP kinase?

A

Protein kinase A, PKA

80
Q

What does AMPK stimulate?

A

GLUT 4, glycogen breakdown, glycolysis, LPL activation and fat burning

81
Q

What does AMPK inhibit?

A

cholesterol synthesis, TAG synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and glycogen synthesis

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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