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Biochemistry II > energy Producers > Flashcards

energy Producers Flashcards

0
Q

Is glucokinase inhibited by its products?

A

glucose-6-phosphate does not inhibite glucokinase

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1
Q

what stimulates glucokinase?

A

insulin and fructose

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2
Q

km of glucokinase?

A

high km ( it takes more reactant to make it go faster)

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3
Q

Hw is hexokinase inhibited?

A

inhibition of phosphofructokiase (PFK)

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4
Q

What does heokinase do?

A

catalyzes the first step in glycolysis

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5
Q

what is the first rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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6
Q

What is the first “committed step”?

A

PFK

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7
Q

What inhibits PFK?

A

Decresed pH ( a significant drop), Citrate (intermediate of krebs cycle), end products (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate), high energy charge

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8
Q

what kind of enzyme is PFK?`

A

Allosteric enzyme (ATP binds to the enzyme and decreases its activity)

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9
Q

What does PFK-1 do?

A

catlyzes the formation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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10
Q

what does PFK-2 do?

A

catalyzes formation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in a different pathway.

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11
Q

what is the most potent activator of PFK-1?

A

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

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12
Q

what stimulatres PFK-2?

A

insulin

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13
Q

what does PFK-2 stimulate?

A

glycolysis and PFK in the liver

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14
Q

what inhibits PFK-2?

A

gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

What does PFK-2 phosphorylate?

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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16
Q

is pyruvate kinase an irreversible step in glycolysis?

A

yes, the third irreversible step

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17
Q

what inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

alanine

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18
Q

what stimulates pyruvate kinase?

A

fructose-1,6-bisphostphate

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19
Q

Does glucagon inhibit glycolysis?

A

yes by decreasing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

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20
Q

how can we re-activate pyruvate kinase?

A

by dephosphorylation

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21
Q

How is pyruvate kinase inactivated in the liver?

A

Glucagon, phosphorylation of Pk

22
Q

What cant PEP continue in the liver in the presence of glucagon?

A

glycolysis

23
Q

when is glucagon secreted?`

A

when blood glucose is low

24
Q

primary target of glucagon?

A

the liver

25
Q

what is the objective of glucagon?

A

elevate blood glucose

26
Q

are there glucagon receptor in muscle?

A

no

27
Q

what are the fates of pyruvate?

A

Alanine, Lactate, Aerobic metabolism

28
Q

When the energy charge is low, amino acids jump into the Krebds cycle. When they do this, they throw off NH3+. Pyrvate picks up what to turn into Alanine?

A

NH3+

29
Q

What does Alanine inhibit?

A

pyruvate kinase

30
Q

pyruvate + NADH ->?

A

Lactate + NAD+

31
Q

? + ? -> Lactate + NAD+

A

pyruvate + NADH

32
Q

what is starch degraded into in the intestines?

A

glucose

33
Q

sucrose is made of what?

A

Glucose + fructose

34
Q

LActose is composed of what?

A

Glucose + Galactose

35
Q

location where glycolysis occurs?

A

Cytosol

36
Q

Products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, NADH, pyruvate and lactic acid, alanine

37
Q

what does lactate dehydrogenase do?

A

turns pyruvate into lactate

38
Q

when is lactic acid produced?

A

when glycolysis runs fast

39
Q

when does lactate inhibit glycolysis?

A

when a large production of lactate occurs by dropping the ph and thus inhibiting PFK.

40
Q

when there is moderate amount of Lactate, what is produced to stimulate G3P dehydrogenase?

A

NAD+

41
Q

in muscle and kidney, fructose is phosphorylated into fructose-6-phosphate by what?

A

hexokinase

42
Q

frctuose-6-p from muscle and kidney can enter what cycle?

A

glycolyses

43
Q

How many steps does it take to convert Galactose into glucose 6p?

A

4 steps

44
Q

What does Galactokinase do?

A

Converts Galactose (w/ ATP) into Galactose-1-phosphate

45
Q

What enzyme turns Galactose-1p + UDP glucose into UDP-glactose + Glucose-1p?

A

transferase

46
Q

What is the product of this reaction? Galactose-1p + UDP glucose —transferase–> ???

A

UDP-glucose + glucose-1p

47
Q

What enzymes turns UDP galactose into UDP glucose?

A

epimerase

48
Q

What is the product of this reaction? UDP Galactose —epimerase—> ???

A

UDP glucose

49
Q

Glucose-1p is turned into Glucose-6-Phosphate by what enzyme?

A

Mutase

50
Q

What are the reactants in Glycolysis?

A

Glucose, ADP, AMP, NAD+, Pi

51
Q

What are the key enzymes in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase, Phophofructokinase (PFK), pyruvvate kinase

52
Q

What is glycolysis stimulates by?

A

Increase in (ADP, AMP, Pi or inorganic phosphate, Ammonia/NH3+), Insulin ad Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

53
Q

Glycolysis is inhibited by what?

A

Increase in ATP ad Citrate, Glucagon and a decrease in pH

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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