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Biochemistry II > ATP-PC/Glycolysis > Flashcards

ATP-PC/Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the ATP-PC system?

A

to help us recreate ATP if we need it

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2
Q

What are the different names for the ATP-PC system?

A

phosphagen system, phosphocreatine system, creatine phosphate system

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3
Q

The ATP-PC system is a ____ reaction and is ____ at replacing ATP. This makes the duration ___ and ____.

A

coupled, fast, short, explosive

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4
Q

When does the ATP-PC system occur?

A

during active muscle contraction and glycolysis

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5
Q

Where does the ATP-PC system take place?

A

mitochondria and cytosol

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6
Q

Where is phosphocreatine found? Where is the most located?

A

Mostly in places with high energy fluctuating tissue like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and the brain. Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Phosphocreatine is a ___ energy compound. What is it used for?

A

high. It’s used as a reservoir to replenish ATP

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8
Q

The amount of creatine you have depends on what?

A

how much muscle you have

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9
Q

Where do you get creatine from?

A

diet, supplementation, liver and kidney

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10
Q

What does phosphocreatine supply?

A

the phosphoryl group for ATP synthesis.

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11
Q

What happens when the cell has enough ATP?

A

The reaction reverses to replenish the reservoir

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12
Q

What is the key enzyme for the ATP-PC reaction?

A

creatine kinase

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13
Q

What are the reactants for the ATP-PC reaction?

A

ADP + PCr + Mg2+

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14
Q

What are the products for the ATP-PC reaction?

A

ATP + Cr

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15
Q

What has the most free energy in the ATP-PC system? Why?

A

Phosphocreatine because it supplies the phosphoryl group for ATP synthesis

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16
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

carbohydrate breakdown and converting glucose into 2 pyruvates

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17
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? Catabolic or anabolic?

A

anaerobic, catabolic

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18
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

ATP, NADH, pyruvate

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19
Q

What does fast glycolysis produce?

A

ATP, NADH, lactic acid and alanine

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20
Q

What happens to the pyruvate during slow glycolysis?

A

It gets sent to the mitochondria for aerobic metabolism

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21
Q

What types of cells only have glycolysis as a source of metabolic energy?

A

erythrocytes, renal medulla and sperm

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22
Q

Glycolysis is the precursor to what other pathway?

A

Krebs

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23
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol of the cell

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24
Q

What is the fate of glucose?

A

to be converted into ATP and precursor molecules for aerobic metabolism

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25
Q

In general, what happens during the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

Glucose gets trapped into the cell my adding a phosphate to it, making it glucose-6-phosphate. It then gets changed into an energy rich sugar (fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate) so it can be broken in half to make ATP

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26
Q

In general, what happens during the pay off phase of glycolysis?

A
  1. Get ATP by splitting fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into into two molecules
  2. Set up large negative delta G reactions (exergonic)
  3. Use that free energy to re-create ATP
  4. Create an end product that can be further oxidized (pyruvate) in aerobic metabolism
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27
Q

What enzyme turns glucose into glucose 6 phosphate?

A

hexokinase/glucokinase

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28
Q

What occurs to trap glucose into the cell?

A

hexokinase adds a phosphate to glucose

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29
Q

What enzyme turns glucose 6 phosphate into fructose 6 phosphate?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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30
Q

What specifically does phosphoglucose isomerase do?

A

takes the aldehyde on glucose 6 phosphate and turns it into a ketone

31
Q

What enzyme turns fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

32
Q

Which step is considered the rate limiting step?

A

PFK turning fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

33
Q

What turns fructose 1,6 bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate?

A

Aldolase

34
Q

What enzyme turns dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

35
Q

What turns glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

glucose 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

36
Q

What enzyme turns 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate into 3 phosphoglycerate?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

37
Q

What enzyme turns 3 phosphoglycerate into 2 phosphoglycerate?

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

38
Q

What enzyme turns 2 phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate?

A

enolase

39
Q

What enzyme turns phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate?

A

pyruvate kinase

40
Q

Which reactions are irreversible?

A

glucose (hexokinase) glucose 6 phosphate

fructose 6 phosphate (PFK) fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

phosphoenolpyruvate (pyruvate kinase) pyruvate

41
Q

What steps give us energy?

A

1,3 bisophosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase) 3 phosphoglycerate

phosphoenolpyruvate (pyruvate kinase) pyruvate

42
Q

Describe hexokinase I, II, III

A

for energy production

makes glucose into glucose 6 phosphate

present in most tissues

high affinity for glucose

Inhibited by its product

won’t lock in more glucose than the cell can use

no membrane carriers

commits the glucose to metabolism

43
Q

Describe hexokinase IV

A

also called glucokinase

for blood glucose homeostasis

liver and beta cells of pancreas contain hexokinase IV

makes glucose into glucose 6 phosphate

has a lower affinity for glucose to allow brain and muscle a greater opportunity to capture glucose

44
Q

Describe glucokinase

A

high Km, used in liver, not inhibited by G6P, stimulated by insulin, high affinity for fructose, not much taken up during fasting, increased uptake for conversion to fat and glycogen

45
Q

Describe hexokinase

A

low Km, used in muscle inhibited by G6P, stimulated by glucose, increased uptake during fasting, limited uptake when muscle is full

46
Q

When is PFK inhibited?

A

when there is a significant drop in pH, lots of citrate, high energy charge

47
Q

What enzyme is part of the first committed step in glycolysis?

A

PFK

48
Q

Define allosteric enzyme

A

an enzyme that is inhibited when there is a high energy charge

49
Q

What does PFK-1 do?

A

catalyzes the formation of F1,6BP

50
Q

What does PFK-2 do?

A

catalyzes formation of F2,6BP in a different pathway

51
Q

What is the most potent activator of PFK?

A

F2,6BP

52
Q

What is PFK-2 stimulated by?

A

insulin

53
Q

What does PFK-2 stimulate?

A

glycolysis, PFK in liver

54
Q

What does PFK-2 inhibit?

A

gluconeogenesis

55
Q

What decreases fructose 2,6 bisphosphate?

A

glucagon

56
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the third irreversible step in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase

57
Q

What is pyruvate kinase stimulated and inhibited by?

A

inhibited by alanine

stimulated by fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

58
Q

What does glucagon do to pyruvate kinase and where?

A

phosphates and inactivates it in the liver

59
Q

Once pyruvate kinase is inactivated, where does the excess reactant go?

A

Goes to gluconeogenesis

60
Q

When is glucagon secreted? Why?

A

when blood glucose is low to elevate the blood glucose

61
Q

What is glucagon’s primary target? Why?

A

The liver to stop burning glucose and stop storing glucose

62
Q

There are not any receptors in the muscle for glucagon, true or false?

A

True

63
Q

What is alanine?

A

An amino acid that is one reaction from being pyruvate

64
Q

What does alanine inhibit?

A

pyruvate kinase

65
Q

What happens when energy charge is low?

A

amino acids jump into Krebs cycle, which throws off ammonia.

66
Q

What happens to the ammonia that is produced when amino acids are used in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate picks them up and turns them into alanine

67
Q

Is the reaction for alanine a reversible reaction? When is it important?

A

Yes, it is important for gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism

68
Q

What pathway is lactic acid a part of specifically?

A

fast glycolysis

69
Q

What kind of reaction gives off lactic acid? Which enzyme is used?

A

Reversible reaction, lactate dehydrogenase

70
Q

What does lactic acid regenerate? Why?

A

NAD+ because it is needed for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase so glycolysis can continue

71
Q

What is the reaction for lactic acid?

A

Pyruvate + NADH –> Lactate + NAD+

72
Q

What does a moderate amount of lactate do to glycolysis? Why?

A

moderate amounts speeds up glycolysis because its not enough to drop the pH to inhibit PFK. It also creates more NAD+ to stimulate G3P dehydrogenase

73
Q

What does a large amount of lactate do to glycollysis? Why?

A

inhibits glycolysis because of a significant drop in pH, which inhibits PFK

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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