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Biochemistry II > Aerobic respiration > Flashcards

Aerobic respiration Flashcards

0
Q

Where does the kreb cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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1
Q

what are the two components of the aerobic system?>

A

krebs and electron transport chain

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2
Q

Where does the Electron transport chain occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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3
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

water and ATP

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4
Q

Amount of carbs stored in the body?

A

300-400g

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5
Q

Carbs stored in the liver?

A

70-100g stored in the liver

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6
Q

oxidation

A

is the addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, or the removal of electrons from an element or compound

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7
Q

what is reduction?

A

the deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, or addition of electrons to an element or compound

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8
Q

where is the location of Aerobic respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

Products of Aerobic respiration?

A

ATP, NADH, FADH2

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10
Q

key enzymes in aerobic respiration?

A

dehydrogenase

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11
Q

What are the names for krebs cycle?

A

citric acid cycle, TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle)

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12
Q

Where do NADH and FADH2 deliver their electrons to?

A

Electron Transport chain

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13
Q

When do Carbs enter the krebs cycle?

A

enter after running through glycolysis and a prep step

Acetyl -CoA

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14
Q

What does Coenzyme A consist of?

A

pantothenic acid (b5) and a terminal thiol (SH) group

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15
Q

what does acyl Coa dehydrogenase do?

A

oxidizes Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

What is the multi-enzyme complex that is also irreversible in the krebs cycle?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

How is the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

porous

permeable to most ons and small molecules

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18
Q

How’s the inner membrane of mitochondrial membrane?

A

convoluted,

impermeable to most small ios and small molecules…

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19
Q

what are the final products of aerobic metabolism?

A

CO2, H2O, ATP

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20
Q

What reduces NAD+?

A

dehydrogenase

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21
Q

What is complex 1?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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22
Q

What is complex 2?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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23
Q

what is complex 3?

A

cytochrome reductase (bc1)

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24
Q

What is complex 4?

A

cytochrome oxidase ()

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25
Q

What part of complex 1 accepts the electrons from NADH?

A

FMN (Flavin mononucleotide)

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26
Q

What molecule is bound to complex 1?

A

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

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27
Q

Where does complex 1 transfer electrons to ?

A

ubiquinone (CoQ)

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28
Q

Does complex 1 participate in the proton pump?

A

yes

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29
Q

What does complex 2 do?

A

oxidizes succinate

gives electrons to FAD to FADH2

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30
Q

Is any energy lost in complex 2?

A

no, no proton pump at this complex

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31
Q

is ubiquinone a protein?

A

no

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32
Q

From where does ubquinone accept electrons?

A

FADH2 or FMNH2

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33
Q

Where do FADH2 come from to ubiquinone?

A

succinate dehydrogenase
2.
3.

34
Q

Which complexes contain a heme group?

A

complex 3 and 4

35
Q

How do electrons flow from complex 3?

A

complex 3 to cytocrhome c to complex 4

36
Q

which complex is the bimetallic center?

A

complex 4 (AKA cytochrome c oxidase or cytochrome a +a3)

37
Q

what does the bimetallic center of complex 4 contain?

A

cytochromes a and a3 have iron atoms

two copper ions

38
Q

Which complex does NOT pump protons to the intermembrane space?

A

complex 2

39
Q

What compounds are oxidized within the aerobic system?

A

Fat
carbohydrate
protein

40
Q

Where is the prep step for aerobic respiration?

A

mitohondrial matrix

41
Q

products of Aerobic respiration?

A

ATP, NADH, FADH2

42
Q

What compounds does Krebs cycle take in?

A

fat, CHO, proteins

43
Q

How do carbs enter the Krebs cycle?

A

Enter after running through glycolysis and a prep step (Acetyl CoA)

44
Q

How do Fats enter the Krebs cycle?

A

Enter after running through Beta oxidation.

Acetyl CoA

45
Q

How do proteins enter the Krebs cycle?

A

Each AA is unique in how it enters.
Acetyl CoA + other intermediates
Not all tissue can oxidize all AA

46
Q

What is the universal carrier of acyl groups?

A

Coenzyme A

47
Q

When is coenzyme A used?

A

used in fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, pyruvate oxidation and acetylation

48
Q

what kinds of bonds does Coenzyme A consist of?

A

forms high-energy thioester bonds with acetic acid (acetyl CoA) and fatty acids (acyl CoA)

49
Q

what is the main enzyme in fatty acid entry into the krebs cycle?

A

Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

50
Q

Where does Fatty acid entry occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

51
Q

What is the oxidation of fatty acid?

A

where a two carbon molecule (acetyl CoA) is cleaved off the fatty acid

52
Q

what are the intermediates for Amino acids other than Acetyl CoA?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate
succinyl CoA
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate

53
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that make up the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

E1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (AKA: pyruvate carboxylase)
E2: Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase
E3: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

54
Q

What are the 5 co-enzymes in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A
  1. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
  2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  3. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
  4. Coenzyme A
  5. Lipoate
55
Q

What are the products of the krebs cycle that inhibit it?

A

ATP
High Energy Charge
NADH
FADH2

56
Q

What are the reactants that stimulate the Krebs cycle?

A

ADP or AMP
Low energy charge
NAD+
FAD

57
Q

What are the main enzymes in the krebs cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase

58
Q

What is an example of a product inhibiting its enzyme?

A

Succinyl CoA (there are many more)

59
Q

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is regulated by energy charge and inhibited by?

A

ATP
NADH
Succinyl CoA

60
Q

What two components regulate isocitrate dehydrogense?

A

Regulated by Energy (ATP/ADP) and Redox state (NADH/NAD+)

61
Q

What inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

It’s products: ATP and NADH

62
Q

What stimulates Isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

it’s reactants: NAD+ and ADP

63
Q

What inhibits Citrate synthase?

A

High products: ATP/citrate

Low reactants: Oxaloacetate and/or acetyl CoA

64
Q

What inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

high NADH/NAD+
High Acetyl CoA/CoA
High ATP/ADP
availability of long-chain fatty acids

65
Q

What is anaplerotic?

A

giving substrates to the cycle

66
Q

what is cataplerotic

A

taking substrates from the cycle

67
Q

what are the intermediates the leave the krebs cycle to make amino acids and nucleotides?

A

oxaloacetate and alpha-ketoglutarate

68
Q

where is oxaloacetate sent to make glucose?

A

gluconeogenesis

69
Q

In the aerobic cycle what is the ultimate acceptor of the electrons?

A

oxygen

70
Q

How do you convert GTP to ATP?

A

(GTP + ADP) –nulceoside dihophokinase–> (GDP + ATP)

71
Q

How do we yield GTP from the krebs cycle?

A

cleaving the thioester bond of Succinyl CoA release energy and the formation of GTP is coupled to this reasion.

72
Q

by which point have molecules lost 3 Carbons to CO2?

A

decarboxylaions

1 to prep step, 2 lost in krebs cycle

73
Q

what is cytochrome c?

A

a small protein (FeS complexes) in the ETC

74
Q

What does cytochrome c do?

A

transfers electrons to cytochrome oxidase

75
Q

location of cytochrome c?

A

intermembrane space

76
Q

How many electrons are required to reduce 1 molecule of O2 to H2O?

A

4e’s

77
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

(a theory that states) When protons flow through a special protein, ATP is created.

78
Q

In ATP synthase (complex 5) what gives the energy to create atp?

A

the return flow of protons gives the energy needed for ATP synthesis

79
Q

What is respiratory control dependent on?

A

the ability to phosphorylate (ADP to ATP)

80
Q

What does Oligomcin prevent?

A

ATP synthesis

81
Q

what does 2,4-dinitrophenol do?

A

diffuses easily through inner mitochondrial membrane and stopped ATP production. Increases ETS rate, but no proton gradient (NO ATP production)

82
Q

How do the flows of electrons go?

A

electrons flow from the more negative E0 redox pair to the more positive E0 redox pair

Biochemistry II (6 decks)

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