Overview

Question 1

Label this

Answer 1

Question 2

Label this

Answer 2

Question 3

Meninges

Answer 3

Pia mater: surface of brain; directly covers spinal cord
Arachnoid: Spiderweb like, between the two layers
Dura mater: tough leather like; outer

Denate ligament: on the end of the pia mater that helps keep the spinal cord in place.

Question 4

Dura Mater and Sinuses

Answer 4

Helps attach brain to the skull; forms the spaces at are dural venous sinuses that help drain blood. Compartmentalizes the cranial fossa. Stiff, thick, not much give. Injury in these compartments can be problematic as the swelling doesn’t have area to go. So much pressure can cause herniations such as out formamen magnum.

Question 5

Falx Cerebri

Answer 5

Dura mater that separates the two major cerebral hemispheres, anchors them in space.

Question 6

Tentorium Cerebelli

Answer 6

Seperate the occipital and temporal lobes from the cerabellum and brain stem

Question 7

Gyrus

Answer 7

Bulges of the cerebrum

Question 8

Sulcus or Fissure

Answer 8

Grooves of the cerebrum

Question 9

Alternate names for precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

Answer 9

Anterior Paracentral Gyrus and Posterior Paracentral Gyrus

Question 10

Decussation

Answer 10

Crosses the midline

Ex. The left side of the brain controls much of right side of the body because of decussating nerve pathways.

Question 11

Label the spinal cord

Answer 11

White is myelinated - tracts
Gray is cell bodies

Question 12

Why does white matter decrease and gray matter decrease the farther down the spinal cord you go?

Answer 12

Cervical: Lots of white matter due to sensory and motor information doing to all of the body below it.
Thoracic: White matter is carrying from everything below thoracic. Doesn’t have to carry arm information only trunk and legs. Only innervates some intercostal and paraspinal muscles so gray matter is small.
Lumbar and Sacral have a bunch of ventral gray matter due to the leg muscles needing information.

Question 13

What level does the spinal cord end? What does it become?

Answer 13

Sacral cord ends at L1-L2 then becomes cauda equina.

Question 13

What level does the spinal cord end? What does it become?

Answer 13

Sacral cord ends at L1-L2 then becomes cauda equina.

Question 14

Draw the spinal cord with Sensory, Motor and Intersegmental areas

Answer 14

Question 15

Development of Nervous System

Answer 15

• Segmented system (Seperates from 3 vesicles into 5; Each segment play a different role starting in embryo)
• Development starts with a Neural Tube (Remains hollow such as ventricles and central canal; Important for CSF flow)
• When tube forms, Motor is Ventral, Sensory is Dorsal (Mostly stays this way)
• Dermatomes are spiraled (LE>UE; Due to limb buds rotating after innervation has begun)
• Development is not finished at birth (Myelination of long tracts takes time of ~2-3 yrs; Impairments of kids become clearer as they age as they won’t hit milestones when they should)

Question 16

Complications - Neural Tube

Answer 16

One or both end of the tube don’t close all of the way resulting in encephalocele and leads to spina bifida.

Encephalocele is a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull

Question 17

Types of Spina Bifida

Answer 17

Spinal Dysraphism (Failure of spinous process closure w/o protrusion of the spinal cord contents; often has hair on outside)
Meningocele (Fluid filled sac of meninges protruding through spinal defect with spinal cord contained in the spinal canal)
Myelomenigocele (Spinal cord components within the meningeal sac protruding through the spinal defect)

Question 18

Types of Neurons

Answer 18

Multipolar: Motor
Bipolar: Interneuron, CNS
Unipolar: Sensory; Cell body on side