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Endocrine- MHD > Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes > Flashcards

Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes Flashcards

1
Q

Graafian follicle releases the egg in response to a surge of what hormone?

A

LH

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2
Q

Describe the arrangement of cells surrounding the oocyte of a graafian follicle

A

Oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells (and liquid center), surrounded by a layer of theca cells, surrounded by the ovarian stroma

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3
Q

What structure forms following the release of the oocyte?

A

The corpus luteum (formed from the remaining wall of the graafian follicle

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4
Q

LH acts on _________ cells to release _____ (hormone)

A

LH acts on theca cells to release androgens

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5
Q

FSH acts on ___________ cells to release _________ (Hormone)

A

FSH acts on granulosa cells to convert androgens to estradiol

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6
Q

Which hormone induces the LH Surge?

A

Estradiol

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7
Q

What is a luteal cyst?

A

Unruptured graafian follicle or a ruptured follicle that immediately seals

Forms a cyst filled with serous fluid

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8
Q

PCOS is characterized by excess secretion of what hormone?

A

Androgens

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9
Q

What causes the excess androgen release in PCOS?

A

Increased secretion of LH

LH:FSH is >2:1

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10
Q

Why is FSH decreased in PCOS?

A

High androgens –> high estrone (in adipose tissue) –> decreased FSH (which normally stimulates the conversion of androgens to estradiol)

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11
Q

How does low FSH lead to cysts in PCOS?

A

low levels of FSH leads to follicular degeneration and cyst formation

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12
Q

Women with PCOS are at risk for what cancer? WhY?

A

Endometrioid endometrial carcinoma - due to presence of high unopposed estrogen

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13
Q

What drug is given to infertile women with PCOS to help rebalance their hormones?

A

Metformin

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14
Q

The vast majority of all ovarian caEncers arise from which cell type?

A

Surface epithelial cells

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15
Q

What age group gets ovarian cancer arising from surface epithelium?

A

20+

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16
Q

WHat age group gets ovarian cancers arising from germ cells?

A

0-25+ years old

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17
Q

Name three tumors that arise from the stromal cells

A

Fibromas
Granulosa-Theca cell tumors
Sertoli-Leydig tumors

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18
Q

Choriocarcinomas arise from which cell type?

A

ovarian germ cells

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19
Q

Endodermal sinus tumors arise from which ovarian cell type?

A

Germ cells

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20
Q

Dysgermomas arise from which ovarian cell type?

A

Germ cells

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21
Q

Describe the histology of a benign serous ovarian tumor

A

Single layer of tall columnar cells

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22
Q

Describe the histology of a benign mucinous ovarian tumor

A

Mucin producing epithelial cells

23
Q

Are serous or mucinous malignant tumors more likely to be bilateral?

A

Malignant serous tumors are more likely to be bilateral.

Malignant mucinous tumors are usually unilateral

24
Q

What is the name of the concentrically laminated concretions commonly seen in ovarian tumors?

A

Psammoma bodies

25
Q

Name three risk factors for cystadenocarcinomas

A

nulliparity, family hx, germline mutations of tumor suppressor genes

26
Q

5-10% of ovarian cystadenomas are familial and associated with germline mutations of which genes?

A

BRCA1, BRCA2

27
Q

Do mucinous or serous cystadenomas have a better prognosis?

A

Mucinous

28
Q

WHat is the tumor marker used to mark recurrence of ovarian cystadenocarcinomas

A

CA-125

29
Q

Are brenner tumors benign or malignant?

A

Usually benign

30
Q

What is the histology of Brenner tumors?

A

Nests of transitional-type epithelium, resembling that of the urinary tract

Urothelium!

31
Q

What is a dysgerminoma?

A

Germ cell neoplasm that has not undergone any differentiation

32
Q

What are embryonal carcinomas?

A

Germ cell tumors that have undergone only primitive differentiation

33
Q

What two carcinomas arise from germ cells that have differentiated into extraembryonic tissue?

A

Choriocarcinomas

Endodermal sinus tract carcinoma (Yolk sac carcinomas)

34
Q

What are teratomas?

A

Germ cell tumors that have undergone differentiation into embryonic tissue

35
Q

What is struma ovarii?

A

Special type of teratoma that has functional thyroid tissue –> can lead to hyperthyroidism

36
Q

The immature tissue in immature teratomas generally arise from what type of cells?

A

neural

37
Q

What is the best way to treat a dysgerminoma?

A

Radiation

They are VERY radiation sensitive!

38
Q

What is the main tumor marker for dysgerminomas?

A

LDH

39
Q

Are yolk sac tumors benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

40
Q

WHat is the characteristic histology seen in yolk-sac tumors?

A

Schiller-Duval bodies- “glomeruli-like”

41
Q

What is the tumor marker used in yolk-sac tumors?

A

AFP

42
Q

What is the prognosis of choriocarcinoma?

A

Malignant, metastatic, often fatal

43
Q

What is the tumor marker for choriocarcinoma?

A

hCG

44
Q

What is the characteristic histology of granulosa cell tumors?

A

Call-exner bodies

45
Q

What are the hormonal implications of granulosa cell tumors

A

Excess estrogen

46
Q

A post-menopausal woman with endometrial hyperplasia and an ovarian mass has….

A

Granulosa cell tumor

47
Q

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors produce which hormone?

A

androgen

48
Q

How do sertoli-leydig cell tumors affect young girls?

A

It blocks female sexual development in children

49
Q

Describe the Meigs Syndrome associated with Thecoma-fibromas

A

Right sided pleural effusions
Ascites
Ovarian mass

50
Q

Which are the most common mets to the ovaries?

A

Krukenberg tumors- from gastric cancers

51
Q

Cancer of the fallopian tube can be of what two types?

A

Serous or endometrioid type

52
Q

What are the two most common tumors derived of the ovarian epithelial cells?

A

Serous or Mucinous cysts

-Can be benign (cystadenoma) or malignant (cystadenocarcinoma)

53
Q

BRCA1 mutations are associated with which type of ovarian cyst?

A

Serous cystadenoma

cystic, filled with clear fluid, derived from surface epithelial cells

54
Q

15% of patients with endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary also has what malignancy?

A

Endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium

Endocrine- MHD (17 decks)

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