Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrine- MHD > Cervix, Vagina, Vulva > Flashcards

Cervix, Vagina, Vulva Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcomas arise from which type of tissue?

A

Mesenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carcinomas arise from which tissue type?

A

Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cell types differentiates the cervical transformation zone?

A

The cervical transformation zone is where the stratified squamous cells of the exocervix abruptly becomes the columnar epithelium of the endocervix.

In the transformation zone, two types of epithelia exist: squamous epithelium with glands behind it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the cervical transformation zone?

A

It is the site of cervical squamous carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is HPV a DNA or RNA virus?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 high risk subtypes of HPV?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two common low risk subtypes of HPV?

A

6, 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

People infected with HPV 6 or 11 are at risk for developing which pathology?

A

Chondyloma (wart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

People infected with a high risk HPV (16, 18, 31, 33) are at risk for developing which pathology?

A

CIN —> invasive cancer

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the two HPV oncoproteins and what they bind to (what makes High risk HPV high risk?)

A

E6 –> p53
E7 –> Rb (holds E2F)

Binding to the tumor suppressor neutralizes their function and they are now pro-tumorigenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HPV promotes a clonal outgrowth of which type of cell in the cervical transition zone?

A 
Squamous cells  (75%)
Glands beneath (adenocarcinomas) - (15%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which is the characteristic cell of the chondyloma?

A

Koilocyte

Raisen look with perinuclear halo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiate a squamous intraepithelial lesion vs CIN

A

SIL is simply a scraping of squamous cells from the top layer

CIN staging requires a biopsy to determine how deep atypical cells are found

If the top layer is terrible looking, we can say it is a high grade SIL because in order for the top cells to be atypical, the entire thickness of the epithelium must be atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the outlook for a low SIL/CIN I lesion?

A

60% regression
30% persist
10% progression to high SIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the outlook for a high SIL (CN II /CN III) lesion?

A

30% regression
60% persist
10% progression to carcinoma, usually within 10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the recommendations for getting Pap smears?

A

21-65: every 3 years

Or- every 5 years if done along with HPV testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

20% of cervical cancers have a somatically acquired mutation of which tumor suppressor gene?

A

LKB1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Other than HPV infections, what are other risk factors for invasive cervical cancer?

A

smoking, immunodeficiency (AIDS defining illness)

19
Q

WHat is the treatment for cervical cancer?

A

Hysterectomy, lymph node dissection

20
Q

Other than high risk HPV, name two risk factors for cancer of the vulva

A

Lichen sclerosis

Non-HPV related

21
Q

WHat is the vulvar presentation of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Leukoplakia (white plaque)

22
Q

What is the vaginal presentation of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Vaginal bleeding, discharge

23
Q

Which age group is affected by lichen scleorsis?

A

Post-menopausal

24
Q

Thinning of the epidermis and fibrosis of the dermis describes the histology of which vulvar pathology?

A

Lichen scleorsis

25
Q

Lichen simplex chronicus is associated with what epidemiology?

A

Chronic irritation/scratching

26
Q

Hyperplasia of the vulvar epithelium is associated with which vulvar pathology?

A

Lichen simplex chronicus

27
Q

What is seen on physical exam on someone with lichen simplex chronicus?

A

Leukoplakia

Thick, leathery skin

28
Q

What is the increased risk of malignancy associated with lichen simplex chronicus?

A

None

29
Q

What is the risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in lichen sclerosis?

A

Small risk of progression to cancer- especially in the elderly

30
Q

What is the hallmark histology of paget’s disease?

A

Intraepidermal proliferation of malignant cells

Arises from intraepidermal progenitor cells

31
Q

What are the physical findings associated with paget disease of the vulva

A

Red, scaly, crusted plaque

32
Q

How do you differentiate melanoma from Paget disease?

A

PAS stain, Keratin stain

PAS+ only for paget disease (mucin staining)
Keratin + (only for paget disease)

33
Q

Which drug is associated with increased rates of clear cell adenocarcinoma?

A

DES- given to mothers to prevent abortions –> increased risk in their female offspring

DES –> adenosis (persistence of columnar epithelium in the upper 2/3rds of the vagina —> increased risk for clear cell adenocarcinoma)

34
Q

What is the precursor lesion to adenocarcinoma of the vagina?

A

vaginal adenosis – persistence of columnar epithelium in the upper 1/3 of the vagina

(Upper 2/3rds derived from mullerian duct, bottom 1/3 derived from urogenital sinus)

35
Q

Rhabdomyosarcomas are cancer of what precursor cell?

A

Skeletal muscle

36
Q

What is another name for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina?

A

Sarcoma botryoides (grape-like mass)

37
Q

What age group presents with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Children, usually less than 5 years old

38
Q

What is the clinical presentation of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Bleeding, soft, grape-like masses protruding through the vagina (or penis of males)

39
Q

Name two IHC stains for identification of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas

A

Desmin (muscle cell intermediate filament),
myogenin (TF of immature skeletal muscle)

Both are found in rhabdomyoblasts- tumor cell of origin. They also display cytoplasmic cross-striations

40
Q

Cancer from lower 1/3 of vagina spreads to which lymph nodes?

A

Inguinal

41
Q

Cancer from the upper 2/3rd of the vagina drain to which lymph nodes?

A

Regional iliac nodes

42
Q

`Can CIN reverse? Does carcinoma in situ reverse?

A

CIN- can reverse

Carcinoma in situ- does not reverse

43
Q

Pap smears are great a detecting what type of cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

  • NOT adenocarcinoma of the cervix
44
Q

The quadrivalent HPV vaccine covers which 4 serotypes?

A

6, 11, 16, 18

Endocrine- MHD (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions