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Head and Neck > Otology > Flashcards

Otology Flashcards

1
Q

Common presenting symptoms in otology

A 
Otalgia 
Otorrhoea 
Hearing loss 
Tinnitus 
Vertigo 
Facial weakness
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2
Q

What is Rinne’s test used to test?

A

Bone conduction - determines whether hearing loss is conductive or sensorineural

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3
Q

What would be the result of Rinne’s test in a patient with conductive hearing loss?

A

Bone conduction would be better than air conduction

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4
Q

What would be the result of Rinne’s test in a patient with sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Air conduction would be better than bone conduction

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5
Q

What can Weber’s test show?

A

Conductive hearing loss

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6
Q

Sounds greater than what intensity (decibels) can cause hearing loss after a few hours?

A

85dB

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7
Q

What is the normal range of human hearing (Hz)?

A

20-20,000 Hz

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8
Q

What does tympanometry allow?

A

Diagnosis and monitoring of problems in the middle ear

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9
Q

Tympanometry measures

A

the movement of the tympanic membrane in responses to changes in pressure

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10
Q

What abnormalities might be identified on tympanometry?

A

Fluid in the middle ear
Otitis media
Perforated eardrum
Problems with the Eustachian tube

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11
Q

What is vertigo?

A

“a hallucination of movement” -the sensation that you, or the things around you, are moving/spinning

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12
Q

What are the key features to determine in a patient with vertigo?

A

Duration
Frequency
Associated symptoms
Precipitating factors

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13
Q

What is benign positional vertigo?

A

Vertigo precipitated by specific changes in position (particularly rolling over in bed)

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14
Q

What is the cause of benign positional vertigo?

A

Otoconia (calcium carbonate particles) in the semicircular canals

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15
Q

What test would be positive in a patient with benign positional vertigo?

A

Dix-Hallpike test

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16
Q

What is the treatment for benign positional vertigo?

A

Epley manoeuvre

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17
Q

What is the cause of Meniere’s disease?

A

Endolymphatic hydrops - pressure in endolymphatic component is increased

18
Q

What are the symptoms of Meniere’s disease?

A

Spontaneous vertigo
Associated unilaterall hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness
Duration of hours
Frequency - every few weeks-months

19
Q

Possible conservative treatments for Meniere’s disease

A 
Low salt diet 
Betahistine 
Benfrofluazide 
Intratympanic dexamethasone 
Endolymphatic sac decompression
20
Q

Possible destructive treatments for Meniere’s disease

A

Intratympanic gentamicin
Vestibular nerve section
Labyrinthectomy

21
Q

What is the cause of vestibular neuritis?

A

Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus with injection of vestibular ganglion

22
Q

Symptoms of vestibular neuritis

A 
Spontaneous vertigo 
Hearing loss 
Tinnitus 
Duration of days 
Single episode 
Associated unilateral hearing loss 
Residual motion-provoked vertigo
23
Q

Treatment of acute vestibular neuritis

A

Vestibular sedative

24
Q

Treatment of chronic vestibular neuritis

A

Vestibular rehabilitation

25
Q

Symptoms of migraine

A 
Spontaneous vertigo 
Headache 
Photophobia 
Phonophobia 
Hearing loss, tinnitus
26
Q

Treatment of migraine

A

Avoid triggers

Prophylactic pharmacological treatment

27
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Ringing/buzzing in the ears

28
Q

Treatment of tinnitus

A

Sound enrichment and stress management

29
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Painful inflammation and infection of the middle ear

30
Q

Symptoms of otitis media

A 
Crying/Irritability/Sleeplessness/Pulling on the ears in children 
Ear pain 
Headache 
Neck pain 
Feeling of fullness in the ear 
Fluid drainage from ear 
Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea if systemically unwell 
Hearing loss 
Loss of balance
31
Q

Causes of acute otitis media

A

Eustachian tube blocked/swollen, trapping fluid in the middle ear which becomes infected
Allergies, cold etc.
Infected/enlarged adenoids
Smoking

32
Q

Treatment of acute otitis media

A

Analgesia
Antibiotic eardrops
Apply warm, moist compress over affected ear

33
Q

What is chronic otitis media

A

Long-standing, persistently draining perforation of eardrum

34
Q

Causes of chronic otitis media

A

Acute otitis media

Blockage of eustachian tube

35
Q

What can cause flare-ups of chronic otitis media?

A

Cold infection
Ear infection
Water entering middle ear

36
Q

Treatment of chronic otitis media

A

Antibiotic eardrops
Oral antibiotics if systemically unwell
Tympanoplasty
Removal of cholesteatoma

37
Q

What is otitis externa?

A

Inflammation of the external ear canal

38
Q

Causes of otitis externa

A

Commonly caused by bacteria and fungi

39
Q

Treatment of otitis externa

A

Clean the ear
Micro-suction, microbiology swab
Topical antibiotics
Oral antibiotics if systemically unwell

40
Q

Treatment of otitis externa if spread to base of skull/nerves occurs

A

Hospital admission

IV antibiotics

41
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Acute, idiopathic facial nerve palsy

42
Q

Treatment of Bell’s palsy

A

Most people recover within a couple of months without treatment
Corticosteroids
Antivirals

Head and Neck (12 decks)

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