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Head and Neck > Anatomy/Physiology of Nose > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology of Nose Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium of lining of the nose

A

columnar ciliated epithelium

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2
Q

Components of the external nose

A 
Glabella 
Nasion 
Dorsum 
Supratip 
Tip 
Columnella
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3
Q

The nasal bones are composed of

A

the frontal processes of the maxillae and nasal part of the frontal bones

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4
Q

Deformities of the nose can be

A

congenital or acquired

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5
Q

Cause of acquired nose deformity

A

Trauma

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6
Q

What are the five cartilages of the nose?

A

One septal
Two lateral
Two alar

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7
Q

Components of internal nose

A

Midline partition
Lateral walls
Roof
Floor

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8
Q

What structures form the midline partition of the internal nose?

A

Nasal septum - septal cartilage and perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer

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9
Q

What structures form the lateral walls of the internal nose?

A

Turbinates - superior, middle and inferior

Meati

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10
Q

What forms the roof of the internal nose?

A

Cribriform plate

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11
Q

What forms the floor of the internal nose?

A

Hard palate

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12
Q

How is the septum clinically relevant?

A

Can be deviated, perforated or septal haematoma

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13
Q

What turbinate is most clinically relevant and why?

A

Inferior turbinate - can cause nasal blockage due to infection or inflammation

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14
Q

How is infection/inflammation of the inferior turbinate usually managed?

A

Medically with topical steroid sprays, surgery is unusual

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15
Q

Blood supply to the nose is broadly divided into

A

anterior and posterior supply

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16
Q

Anterior blood supply to the nose is derived from

A

branches of the internal carotid artery - anterior/posterior ethmoid arteries from ophthalmic artery

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17
Q

Posterior blood supply to the nose is derived from

A

branches of the external carotid artery - sphenopalatine artery from the maxillary branch

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18
Q

What is the blood supply of the mucosal lining of the septum? Why is this clinically relevant?

A

Capillary plexus - Little’s area

Most common site of epistaxis

19
Q

The nose receives innervation from fibres from the

A

neuro-olfactory epithelium via the olfactory nerve

and from the infraorbital nerve

20
Q

How might damage to the olfactory nerve occur?

A

Trauma
Virus
Tumours

21
Q

Damage to the olfactory nerve might result in

A

hyposmia or anosmia

22
Q

Damage to infraorbital nerve can result in

A

paraesthesia

23
Q

What is the primary function of the nose?

A

To act as an airway in respiration

24
Q

Other functions of the nose

A

Filtration
Humidification/warming of inhaled air
Mucus production, trapping, ciliary clearance
Immune protection
Olfaction
Drainage/aeriation of middle ear
Drainage of paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

25
Q

What are the four groups of paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

26
Q

Frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses are known as the

A

anterior sinuses

27
Q

Where do the anterior paranasal sinuses drain?

A

To middle meatus via natural mucociliary pathways

28
Q

Sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses are known as

A

posterior sinuses

29
Q

Posterior sinuses draw into the

A

inferior meatus

30
Q

What is the lining of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucociliary - continuous with the nose

31
Q

Important anatomical relations of the paranasal sinuses are

A

Frontal and ethmoid - anterior cranial fossa
Maxillary - orbits
Sphenoid - optic nerve, internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus

32
Q

Why are the anatomical relations of the paranasal sinuses clinically important?

A

Infections of sinuses can spread via anatomical relations to cause serious infection e.g. meningitis, intracranial abscess, orbital sepsis

33
Q

Risks of sinus surgery are

A

CSF leak

Orbital complications

34
Q

Blood supply and sensory innervation of maxillary sinus

A

Branches of internal maxillary artery

Branches of second division of trigeminal nerve, infraorbital nerve, greater palatine nerves

35
Q

Blood supply and sensory innervation of frontal sinus

A

Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves (first division of trigeminal)

36
Q

Blood supply and sensory innervation of sphenoid sinus

A

Sphenopalatine artery

Branches of first and second divisions of trigeminal nerve

37
Q

Blood supply and sensory innervation of ethmoid sinus

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves and orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion

38
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Vocal resonance
Decrease weight of skull and facial bones
Act as buffer for trauma

39
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx?

A

Mucociliary

40
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

Choana
Sphenoid sinuses
Prevertebral fascia and muscle
Soft palate

41
Q

What are the important contents of the nasopharynx?

A

Eustachian openings and adenoids

42
Q

What is a sinus ostium?

A

The opening that connects a sinus to the nasal cavity

43
Q

What will blockage of a sinus ostia cause?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the sinuses

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