Other Theories and Theorists Flashcards
Peter Drucker
Management consultant who worked extensively during his career for management education development. Some key ideas in management education included decentralization and simplification, the ‘knowledge worker’, and ‘sickness of government’. he also popularized the term “Management by Objectives”
Who popularized the term “Management by Objectives”?
Peter Drucker
Management by Objectives
Goal-setting method of management in which both the managers and employees have input on the objectives set. Peter Drucker believed that if the employees were involved in the goal setting, they’d be more committed to the company/process.
Management by Exception
Idea that managers do not need to actively manage employees or process unless an exception, or deviance, from expected results occurs.
Kurt Lewin
German-American psychologist who also contributed heavily to management and leadership theory. Best known theories for management are the ideas of Force Fields, formalizing management styles, and his freeze phases.
3 Management Styles according to Kurt Lewin
Authoritarian Management
Democratic Management
Laissez-Faire Management
Authoritarian Management Style
AKA Autocratic Management. A single leader makes all management decisions.
Democratic Management Style
Decision-making power shifted to the workers and management. The majority decides the way forward with votes held.
Laissez-Faire Management Style
Primarily hands-off. The leader is there to provide advice, but most departments and workers are responsible for getting the work done and motivating themselves.
Kurt Lewin’s Force Field Analysis
Looking at factors that will either help a change occur, or hinder it. If the factor will help, it is known as a ‘helping force’. If it’ll hinder, its a ‘hindering force’
Kurt Lewin’s Freeze Phases
Dealing with change management, three phases of change that are the basis for problems solving:
- Unfreeze - people have accepted that change is needed and are ready to exit their comfort zone
- Transition state - The change occurs
- Refreeze - people sink back into comfort in the new position, and again become ‘frozen’ in their habits, and are unwilling to change
Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum Theory
Theory/model shows the relationship between how much authority the manager uses and how much freedom given to subordinates.
Spectrum goes from manager making all decisions to subordinates making all decisions (with manager’s approval).
Justice View of Ethics
Morality of justice, describes how ethics and morality will affect a view of justice or fairness.
Utilitarianism
Theory of morality which focuses on the best for the majority. Greatest good for the most amount of people. Individual good or minority good is ignored.
