Other Outcomes and Causation Flashcards

1
Q

describe temporality

A
  • exposure occurred before the outcome
  • the exposure could be a cause of the outcome
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2
Q

describe consistency

A
  • an association found in several different studies with different study designs carried out under different circumstances with different populations
  • is more likely to be causal
  • again, this is because a consistent association is less likely to be due to undetected confounding or bias
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3
Q

describe a biological gradient

A
  • dose response relationship
    • the number of cigarettes smoked/day leads to increased risk of lung cancer
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4
Q

describe biological plausibility

A
  • refers to the proposal of a causal association—a relationship between a putative cause and an outcome—that is consistent with existing biological and medical knowledge.
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5
Q

describe reversibility

A
  • experimental evidence to show that the removal of the exposure leads to a reduction in the risk of the outcome
  • provides very strong evidence in favor of a causal relationship
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6
Q

give an example of experiment/reversibility

A
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7
Q

describe coherence

A
  • the cause/effect interpretation of an association be supported by what is known about the natural history and biology of the state of health or disease. This information can come from a variety of sources, including community and clinical trials, in vitro laboratory experiments and animal models
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8
Q

describe multi-causality

A
  • the multi-causal paradigm is the dominant theory of causation in contemporary epidemiology
    • a cause of a specific disease: any factor that plays an essential role in producing an occurrence of the disease
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