Other Flashcards
Describe the order for red wine-making
Crushing Alcoholic Fermentation Draining Pressing MLF Packaging
Describe the order for white wine-making
Crushing Pressing Alcoholic Fermentation Rack off gross lees Packaging
What are the 3 main acids in wine?
Malic
Lactic
Tartaric
What is brettanomyces?
The yeast that gives wines an animal or smoked meat aroma
What temperature would you serve a medium to full-bodied oaked white wine at?
Lightly chilled
What temperature would you serve a light-medium bodied white wine at
Chilled
What kind of wine can you not store using a vacuum system?
Sparkling
Two components in food that make wine taste harder
Umami and sweetness
Two components in food that make wine taste softer
Salt and acid
Dishes that are generally high in ____ and ____ pair well with wine
Salt and acid
What 5 things does a vine need in order to complete its annual growth cycle?
Nutrients Water Sunlight Heat CO2
Why does a region’s continentality matter?
It determines the length of the growing season and what kind of grapes can be grown
What is continentality?
The difference in temperature between the warmest and coldest months of the year
What impact does fog have on a vineyard?
Fog cools down regions that are otherwise too warm to grow grapes in. Examples include much of Napa Valley and the Casablanca Valley in Chile.
If the soil of a vineyard is rocky, how are the grapes impacted?
Rocky soil retains heat better, meaning the grapes will ripen quicker and easier in cool climates
What direction do ideal vineyard slopes face in the Northern Hemisphere?
South
If an area is close to a large body of water, what kind of continentality does it have?
Low
How does vitis vinifera fend off phylloxera?
Rootstocks with American vines
What is phylloxera?
An insect native to North America that v. vinifera is helpless against. The only way they can protect themselves is by grafting with American vines.
Name 3 reasons you might trellis your vineyard
- Better air circulation
- Possible to harvest mechanically
- Moderate sunlight exposure
What climates are best for untrellised vineyards?
Hot and dry
Can you mechanically harvest an untrellised vineyard?
No
When are vines usually replaced
30 to 50 years in
When does the first yield on young vines usually happen
3 years in
What grape is Cabernet Sauvignon most often blended with?
Merlot
What is free run juice?
Free run juice is exerted from the sheer weight of grape skin, before pressing
What a 4 good candidates for high-volume, inexpensive red wine?
- Cabernet Sauvignon
- Grenache
- Syrah/Shiraz
- Merlot
What are 3 examples of whole bunch fermentation?
- Carbonic Maceration
- Semi-Carbonic Maceration
- Whole bunches with crushed fruit
What are 4 steps of carbonic maceration?
- The winemaker places whole, uncrushed bunches into vats.
- Then, the vats are filled with CO2 to remove all the oxygen
- When level of alcohol in grapes reaches 2%, the grape skins split and release juice, at which point they are pressed to remove skins from juice.
- The yeast then completes fermentation
What does carbonic maceration achieve?
Extracts color but not tannins from grapes. Resulting wines are soft and fruity
When punching down the cap in red wine-making, what should winemakers be wary of?
Do not overwork the cap, otherwise you’ll extract too much tannin, making the wine astringent
What kind of winemaking relies on MLF stylistically?
Red
Where in the world is premium Pinot Grigio produced?
Trentino
Alto Adige
Friuli Venezia Giulia
What aromas does a Chardonnay from Chablis have?
Green apple
Citrus
Wet stones
What variety of grapes generally see very little post-fermentation winemaking before bottling?
Aromatic
Are Chardonnay and Pinot Gris/Grigio aromatic or non-aromatic?
Non-aromatic
What region sometimes matures Riesling in oak barrels?
Alsace
____ in food decreases the perception of fruitiness, sweetness, and the body of wine.
Sweetness
How should Sauternes be stored?
Well-chilled
How should Beaujolais be stored?
Lightly Chilled
How should Champagne be stored?
Well-chilled
How should Chateauneuf du Pape be stored?
Room temp
What is the link between fruit yield and quality?
None
When in the year does budburst usually occur?
Spring
At what stage of the vine’s growth does a winemaker who is going to use insecticide typically do so?
Budburst
What is the most common vessel for mass-produced white wine?
Stainless steel
What is alcoholic fermentation?
When yeast converts sugar into alcohol and CO2
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What are the 4 most reputable chateaux in Haut-Médoc?
Saint-Julien
Saint-Estephe
Margaux
Pauillac
Describe a wine labeled Haut-Médoc
Cabernet Sauvignon-heavy blend
Ages well, grippy tannins when young
Cedar notes as it ages
Black fruit
Where are all “crus classes” chateaux located?
Graves/Pessac-Leognan
Describe a typical premium dry wine from Pessac-Leognan
Nutty, rich, oaky
What is diurnal range?
Difference in temperature between day time and night time
Why does diurnal range matter in a hot climate vineyard?
A large diurnal range means more aromatic and fresh wines
How does the appellation system in Bordeaux work?
Chateaux rather than individual vineyards
All Bordeaux wines are blends except?
Sauvignon Blanc
What white grape from Bordeaux adds grapey, floral flavors to a wine and plays a big supporting role in dry and sweet wine production?
Muscadelle
What is the 1855 Classification?
Best red wines from Médoc and best white wines from Sauternes
What is the categorization for a generic Bordeaux appellation red wine?
Bordeaux or Bordeaux Superier
What is generic Bordeaux rosé labeled as?
Bordeaux rosé or Bordeaux Clairet
Describe a Bordeaux Clairet
Darker in body, fuller
At what point of the vineyard cycle do grape skins change color
veraison
What are the ideal conditions for harvest, climate-wise?
Dry
How do the wines of Pomerol compare to those of Saint-Emillion on the palate?
Pomerol wines are spicier, richer, and have more blackberry fruit than those of Saint-Emillion
What agricultural method entails understanding pest lifecycles, restricting but not prohibiting chemicals, and monitoring weather patterns to predict disease?
Sustainable
What agricultural method entails very limited chemical use, and also must be accredited via the label?
Organic
What agricultural method entails cosmology and philosophy, homeopathic treatments, and planetary cycles?
Biodynamic
What kind of vineyard works well with floor irrigation?
Flat or gently sloping
When is the average growing season in the Northern hemisphere?
April through October
Why might a winemaker choose to ferment wine at a lower temperature?
To preserve delicate floral aromas
What are the 4 main parts of a vine?
- One-year wood
- Permanent wood
- Green leafy parts
- roots
If a wine has too much SO2, how might it taste?
Harsh
What are the 3 more important nutrients in soil for a vine?
Potassium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
What is chlorosis
If a vine does not have enough nutrients, the leaves will yellow. You can fix this with fertilizing the soil.
What are the benefits of low-training vines?
Benefit from heat retention in soil
What are the benefits of high-training vines?
Avoid frost
Explain head-training a vine
Requires little permanent wood
Cane-pruning or spur-pruning
Explain cordon-training a vine
More permanent wood is needed
takes longer
spur-pruning
What closure method is best for preserving primary aromas in a wine?
Screw top
How does one encourage MLF?
Raise the temperature, regulate the amount of SO2 (do not add SO2 after alcoholic fermentation)
What are 2 kinds of yeast used in winemaking
Ambient/Naturally occuring
Cultured
What is enrichment, as a wine adjustment?
Adding a syrup called RCGM to sweeten wine
Describe wines from the Coté Chalonnaise
Lighter, early maturing
What are the 4 village appellations of Coté Chalonnaise
Rully
Givry
Montagny
Mercurey
Where do the best red wines from Coté Chalonnaise come from?
Mercurey
What region in Coté Chalonnaise produces sparkling reds and whites?
Rully
What aromas do Chablis premier crus and Chablis grand crus display?
ripe, concentrated citrus notes
Describe a good-quality white wine from Macon
Fuller bodied, medium acid, balanced apple or citrus notes
Describe a good-quality red wine from Macon
Lighter in body, early drinking, fruity
Describe a wine labeled Pouilly-Fuisse or Saint-Veran
Ripe, tropical fruit, barrel-aged
Mersault, Puligny-Montrachet, Chassagne-Montrachet have a reputation for good quality ____
white wine
6 Most important villages of the Cotes de Beaune?
Mersault Puligny-Montrachet Beaune Volnay Pommard Aloxe-Corton
What are the 4 key villages of the Cotes de Nuits, north to south?
Gevrey Chambertin
Vougeot
Vosne-Romanée
Nuits San Georges
What are the most generic appellations for a red or white wine from Burgundy?
Bourgogne Rouge or Bourgogne Blanc
Many of Burgundy’s fullest-bodied, longest-lived Pinot Noirs hail from _________
Cotes de Nuits
What region in Burgundy excels at Chardonnay?
Cotes de Beaune
Where, geographically, are village-level wines grown in Burgundy?
flat regions or north-facing slopes
Where in Burgundy are premier and grand-cru wines grown?
South-facing slopes
What is the major climactic issue of Chablis?
Frost
What is the only grape permitted in Chablis?
Chardonnay
Describe Aligoté
White grape the produces high acid, rare wines
What black grape can range from medium-bodied with pepper and fresh black fruit aromas, to smooth and full-bodied with intense, very ripe black fruit flavours and hints of liquorice.
Syrah/Shiraz
What black grape produces wines that can be made in a range of styles - from light and fruity with red cherry notes, to complex and earthy with flavours of spice and forest floor?
Pinot Noir
What black grape has a typical style is often matured in new oak which adds toasty flavours. It also has concentrated blackberry and plum fruit aromas, and soft, velvet-textured tannins?
Merlot
What black grape makes long-lived wines that often display grippy tannins in their youth, together with some cedar and blackcurrant leaf aromas. With age, the tannins soften and the flavours become more expressive.
Cabernet Sauvignon
What white grape produces wines can be very different in style. In one classic French region, the wines are usually dry or off-dry, often with an oily texture, ripe tropical fruit flavours and a hint of ginger and honey. Wines from regions in other countries tend to produce relatively neutral wines from large, fleshy grapes?
Pinot Gris/Pinot Grigio
What white grape displays flavours of green fruit and citrus in cool climates, whereas in more moderate climates the flavours lean more towards fleshy fruits, such as white peach and melon. In warm and hot regions ripe tropical fruits, such as banana and pineapple, are typical.
Chardonnay
What white grape is highly aromatic grape variety with high acidity. Cool climates give aromas and flavours of green apple and asparagus often with a hint of wet pebbles. Wines from areas with long hours of intense sunlight display powerful aromas of gooseberry, elderflower, grapefruit and passion fruit.
Sauvignon Blanc
What white grape produces wines with green fruit flavours and often floral notes in cool weather, but in warmer climates it becomes richer in flavour, with more predominant citrus and stone fruit, but arguably loses some delicacy. It is also produced in a range of styles from dry to sweet.
Riesling
