Other

Question 1

Oh no! I’ve been poisoned by sweet clover. what is the toxic principal and how do I treat it?

Answer 1

Coumarin glycoside, Tx with Vit K or whole blood

bonus: what are the Vit K dependent coagulation factors?

Question 2

What do you treat cardiac glycoside toxicity with?

Answer 2

Digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

Question 3

How do you treat muscarine toxicity? What causes this toxicity?

Answer 3

Atropine (muscarine antagonist) + supportive care and decontamination

poisonous mushroom

Question 4

What toxic principals can be treated with Physostigmine? what are some plants that have that principal?

Answer 4

Diterpene alkaloids: Buttercup family, Monkshade

Tropane alkaloids: Henbane, Jimsonweed, devil’s trumpet, Angel’s trumpet

Question 5

What plant causes Zamia staggers? What toxin(s) does it have?

Answer 5

Coontie

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage

Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration
GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

Question 6

What plants cause Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia? (Aka chewing disease)

Answer 6

Yellow Starthistle, Russian knapweed

Question 7

Castor bean, Precatory bean MOA and CS?

Answer 7

Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin) -> inhibit cell protein synthesis
GI signs +/- blood

Question 8

Azalea (Rhododendron) MOA and CS?

Answer 8

Grayanotoxin-> binds Na channels -> increase permeability

GI signs, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, death via aspiration pneumonia

Question 9

Croton MOA and CS?

Answer 9

Diterpene ester-> activate protein kinase C -> cell damage
GI signs +/- blood
Also Poinsettia, Physicnut and wild physicnut

Question 10

Agave lechugilla MOA and CS?

Answer 10

Steroidal saponins -> liver damage

Hepatogenic photosensitization

Question 11

Bracken fern MOA and CS?

Answer 11

Ptaquiloside -> BM suppression, UT cancer (cows)
Aplastic anemia (cows/sheep), enzootic hematuria, renal/GI tumors (sheep)
Thiaminase-> neurotoxicity in monogastrics (also in horsetail)

Question 12

Alfalfa MOA and CS?

Answer 12

Phytoestrogen-> infertility in males and females
Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities
Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
Triterpenoid (strodial) saponins-> GI signs
Moldy-> forage induced photosensitization-> primary and 2nd to liver damage

Question 13

Milkvetch MOA and CS?

Answer 13

Nitropropanol glycoside-> inhibits krebs cycle
Cattle/sheep-> respiratory and CNS “cracker heels/roaring disease”
Horses/rodents-> CNS signs
Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities

Question 14

Coontie MOA and CS?

Answer 14

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage
Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration-> GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

Question 15

Sago Palm MOA and CS?

Answer 15

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage
Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration
GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

Question 16

What are the toxins in Pigweed?

Answer 16

Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues-> Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, renal damage

Nitrate accumulation->
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

Unknown toxin-> renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)

Question 17

Plants that cause mechanical injury?

Answer 17

Via thorns, spines, stinging/irritating hairs

Plants: Cacti, Jimsonweed seeds, Cocklebur seed pods

Question 18

Forage induced photosensitization?

Answer 18

MOA: primary and liver induced
CS: erythema, edema, necrosis
Plants: moldy wheat, moldy alfalfa, red clover

Question 19

Plants that cause species specific renal damage?

Answer 19

Grapes/raisins- Dogs
Lilies- Cats
Pigweed- ruminants, pigs, horses

Question 20

Resin/resinoids MOA, CS, Plants?

Answer 20

MOA: irritation of nervous/muscle tissue
CS
Plants: Milkweeds, Marijuana, Chinaberry

Question 21

Nitrate MOA, CS, Plants?

Answer 21

MOA: nitrate accumulation
CS: Acute- methemoglobinemia, resp depression, abortions-> fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic- abortion-> lack of progesterone
Plants: Pigweed, Oats, tall grasses, beet, lamb’s quarters, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower

Question 22

Selenium MOA, CS, Plants?

Answer 22

MOA: Se accumulation
CS: Acute- GI and Resp signs
Chronic- hair/hoof abnormalities
Plants: Aster, Prince’s Plum, Milkvetch, Alfalfa, tall grasses

Question 23

Copper MOA, CS, Plants?

Answer 23

MOA: liver damage
CS: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis
Plants: Clovers

Question 24

Molybdenum MOA, CS, Plants?

Answer 24

MOA: Cu deficiency
CS: watery, bubbly D, wasting
Plants: none listed

Question 25

Gossypol MOA, CS, Plants?

Answer 25

MOA: Cardiotoxic, liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubles
CS: Chronic toxicity- Cardiac, male infertility Monogastrics > ruminants
Plants: Cottonseed