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1
Q

Insoluble Ca oxalate MOA, CS, plants?

‘Are you a fan of delicious flavor?’

A

MOA: mechanical damage via needle shaped Ca-oxalate crystals
CS: local irritation to oral mucosa, GI signs if chewed
Plants: Chinese evergreen, Dumbcane, Devil’s ivy, Arrowhead vine, Peace lily, Philodendron. Also Mother-in-law tongue, avocado (fruit is toxic to goats) and wait for iiiiiiiitttt-> Pineapple

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2
Q

Soluble oxalate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: systemic damage from Ca oxalate crystals in tissues, renal damage
CS: hypocalcemia and renal damage
Plants: Halogenton, Greasewood, Pigweed, Oxalis spp

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3
Q

Quinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: primary photosensitization
CS: dermal, 2nd bacterial infections
Plants: St. Johns’ wort, buckwheat

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4
Q

Titerpene acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Liver damage and hepatic photosenstization
CS: GI and photosenitization
Plants: Lantana

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5
Q

Diterepene alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate (similar to curare)
CS: muscle weakness, collapse, sudden death
TX: Physostigmine
Plants: Delphinium spp, Monkshade (Aconite)

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6
Q

Ergot alkaloid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: vasoconstriction
CS: gangrene,
(chronic) uterine contraction-> abortions
Plant: Ergot

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7
Q

Indolizine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: decreases glycoproteins, peripheral nerve damage, abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium)
CS: CNS, Infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decrease immune function
Plants: Locoweed, Milkvetch

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8
Q

Muscarine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cholinergic-R stimulation
CS: CNS stimulation
TX: Atropine
Plants: Amanita mushroom

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9
Q

Piperdine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Nicotinic stimulation and then blockade
CS: CNS- ataxia, birth defects- skeletal deformation and cleft palate
Plants: Hemlock, lupines, tocbacco

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10
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatotoxic
CS: hepatotoxicity
Plants: rattlebox, Heliotrope

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11
Q

Tropane alkaloids (atropine) MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: CNS and cardio stimulation
CS: GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis
Plants: Jimsonweed, Devils trumpet, Angels trumpet, Henbane
TX: Physostigmine

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12
Q

Xanthine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit phosphodiesterase
CS: GI, CNS and CV stimulation,
Plants: cocoa, coffee Arabica (good coffee)

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13
Q

Anthraquinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: purgative
CS:
Plants: Coffee weed (bad coffee), Aloe, Buckthorn

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14
Q

Carboxy-atractyloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatottoxicity
CS: renal damage, hypoGly, salivation
Plants: Cocklebur

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15
Q

Cardiac Glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibits Na/K ATPase
CS: cardiotoxic
TX: Digoxin immune FAB
Plants: Oleander, Foxglove, Milkweed, Periwinkle

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16
Q

Coumarin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase
CS: hemorrhage
Plants: Sweet clover,

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17
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit cytochrome oxidase
CS: Acute- lack of cell energy
Chronic- CNS degeneration
Plants: Johnson, Sudan grass, Elderberry

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18
Q

Cycasin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: unknown toxin-> carcinogenic, teratogenic, axonal degeneration
CS: GI, liver disease/CNS syndrome
Plants: Sago palm, cardboard palm, Coontie

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19
Q

Phytoestrogens MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: infertility in males and females
CS: see above
Plants: White clover, alfalfa

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20
Q

Ptaquiloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: BM suppression, Neoplasia UT, URT, retinal degeneration
CS: aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria
Plants: Bracken fern,

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21
Q

Steroidal Saponins MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatic photosensitization
CS: see above
Plants: Agave, Beargrass

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22
Q

Gossypol MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cardiotoxic, liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubles
CS: Chronic toxicity- Cardiac, male infertility Monogastrics > ruminants
Plants: Cottonseed

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23
Q

Selenium MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Se accumulation
CS: Acute- GI and Resp signs
Chronic- hair/hoof abnormalities
Plants: Aster, Prince’s Plum, Milkvetch, Alfalfa, tall grasses

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24
Q

Nitrate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: nitrate accumulation
CS: Acute- methemoglobinemia, resp depression, abortions-> fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic- abortion-> lack of progesterone
Plants: Pigweed, Oats, tall grasses, beet, lamb’s quarters, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower

25
Diterpene esters MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: cell damage, enzyme dysfunction from protein kinase C CS: GI- systemic and local Plants: Cat tail, Croton, Candelabra cactus, crown of thorns, Poinsettia, Pencil tree, Manchineel, Sandbox, Phsyicnut
26
Grayanotoxins MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: binds to Na channels CS: GI signs, CV-tachycardia, CNS-seizures, aspiration pneumonia Plants: Rhododendron, Laurel, Japanese pieris, fetter bush
27
Lectin MOA, CS, Plants? | phytotoxin, toxalbumin
MOA: inhibit cell protein synthesis CS: GI- hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Plants: Caster bean, Precatory bean, coral plant, sandbox tree, black locust, beans
28
Propyl disulfide MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: ROS-> Heinz bodies CS: abortion, Heinz body anemia, tachycardia Plants: onion, garlic, chives, leaks
29
Thiaminase MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: B1 deficiency CS: Monogastrics- neurotoxic Plants: Bracken fern, Horsetail
30
Forage induced photosensitization?
MOA: primary and liver induced CS: erythema, edema, necrosis Plants: moldy wheat, moldy alfalfa, red clover
31
Plants that cause species specific renal damage?
Grapes/raisins- Dogs Lilies- Cats Pigweed- ruminants, pigs, horses
32
Unknown toxin in Yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed?
MOA: death of dopamine-R in the brain CS: Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (Chewing Disease)
33
What are the toxins in Pigweed?
Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues-> Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, renal damage Nitrate accumulation-> Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone Unknown toxin-> renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)
34
Oxalis spp MOA and CS?
Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues, renal damage | Hypocalcemia, tetany, renal failure in large doses
35
St John's Wort MOA and CS?
Quinone-> primary photosensitization | Dermal irritation/associated signs, 2nd bacterial infections
36
Locoweed MOA and CS?
Indolizidine alkaloids -> inhibit enzymes, decrease cell energy CNS depression, infertility, HF, congenital defects
37
Tobacco MOA and CS?
Piperidine alkaloids-> nicotinic effects -> ataxia, birth defects Pyridine alkaloids-> nicotinic-R -> GI signs, CNS stimulation, respiratory failure
38
Jimsonweed MOA and CS? TX?
Tropane alkaloids -> (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine) GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis All parts are toxic TX: Physostigmine Seeds-> Mechanical injury
39
Coffee senna (bad coffee) MOA and CS?
Anthraquinone -> cathartic Unknown MOA: Purgative, sk/cardiac m myopathy, urine coffee colored, kidney damage Horses usually die due to liver failure DDX: monensin
40
Cocklebur MOA and CS?
Carboxy sulfated glycoside Hepatotoxicity, renal damage, hypoglycemia seed pods-> mechanical injury
41
Oleander and milkweed MOA and CS? TX?
Cardiac glycoside-> inhibit Na/K ATPase one leaf can kill TX: digoxin immune FAB
42
Sweet clover MOA and CS?
Coumarin glycoside-> inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase Hemorrhage TX: Vit K1/whole blood Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
43
Johnson grass, Sudan grass, sorghum MOA (3) and CS?
Cyanogenic glycoside-> inhibits cytochrome oxidase and cell respiration Acute- mm irritation, vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis Chronic- anti-T4, CNS degeneration Se accumulation Acute-> GI and resp signs Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
44
Sago Palm MOA and CS?
Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage Neurotoxic aa Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia
45
Coontie MOA and CS?
Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage Neurotoxic aa Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration-> GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia
46
Oh no! I've been poisoned by sweet clover. what is the toxic principal and how do I treat it?
Coumarin glycoside, Tx with Vit K or whole blood bonus: what are the Vit K dependent coagulation factors?
47
What do you treat cardiac glycoside toxicity with?
Digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)
48
How do you treat muscarine toxicity? What causes this toxicity?
Atropine (muscarine antagonist) + supportive care and decontamination
49
What toxic principals can be treated with Physostigmine? what are some plants that have that principal?
Diterpene alkaloids: Buttercup family, Monkshade Tropane alkaloids: Henbane, Jimsonweed, devil's trumpet, Angel's trumpet
50
Lantana MOA and CS?
Titerpene acid (in unripe berries) CS: liver damage-> Hepatic photosensitization ruminants are susceptible
51
What plant causes Zamia staggers? What toxin(s) does it have?
Coontie Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage Neurotoxic aa Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia
52
What plants cause Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia? (Aka chewing disease)
Yellow Starthistle, Russian knapweed
53
Castor bean, Precatory bean MOA and CS?
Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin) -> inhibit cell protein synthesis GI signs +/- blood
54
Bracken fern MOA and CS?
Ptaquiloside -> BM suppression, UT cancer (cows) Aplastic anemia (cows/sheep), enzootic hematuria, renal/GI tumors (sheep) Thiaminase-> neurotoxicity in monogastrics (also in horsetail)
55
Alfalfa MOA and CS?
Phytoestrogen-> infertility in males and females Se accumulation Acute-> GI and resp signs Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone Triterpenoid (strodial) saponins-> GI signs Moldy-> forage induced photosensitization-> primary and 2nd to liver damage
56
Milkvetch MOA and CS?
Nitropropanol glycoside-> inhibits krebs cycle Cattle/sheep-> respiratory and CNS “cracker heels/roaring disease” Horses/rodents-> CNS signs Se accumulation Acute-> GI and resp signs Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities
57
Agave lechugilla MOA and CS?
Steroidal saponins -> liver damage | Hepatogenic photosensitization
58
Azalea (Rhododendron) MOA and CS?
Grayanotoxin-> binds Na channels -> increase permeability | GI signs, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, death via aspiration pneumonia
59
Croton MOA and CS?
Diterpene ester-> activate protein kinase C -> cell damage GI signs +/- blood Also Poinsettia, Physicnut and wild physicnut

RUSVM Toxic Plants (8 decks)

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