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RUSVM Toxic Plants > Fav > Flashcards

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1
Q

Insoluble Ca oxalate MOA, CS, plants?

‘Are you a fan of delicious flavor?’

A

MOA: mechanical damage via needle shaped Ca-oxalate crystals
CS: local irritation to oral mucosa, GI signs if chewed
Plants: Chinese evergreen, Dumbcane, Devil’s ivy, Arrowhead vine, Peace lily, Philodendron. Also Mother-in-law tongue, avocado (fruit is toxic to goats) and wait for iiiiiiiitttt-> Pineapple

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2
Q

Soluble oxalate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: systemic damage from Ca oxalate crystals in tissues, renal damage
CS: hypocalcemia and renal damage
Plants: Halogenton, Greasewood, Pigweed, Oxalis spp

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3
Q

Quinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: primary photosensitization
CS: dermal, 2nd bacterial infections
Plants: St. Johns’ wort, buckwheat

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4
Q

Titerpene acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Liver damage and hepatic photosenstization
CS: GI and photosenitization
Plants: Lantana

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5
Q

Diterepene alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate (similar to curare)
CS: muscle weakness, collapse, sudden death
TX: Physostigmine
Plants: Delphinium spp, Monkshade (Aconite)

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6
Q

Ergot alkaloid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: vasoconstriction
CS: gangrene,
(chronic) uterine contraction-> abortions
Plant: Ergot

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7
Q

Indolizine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: decreases glycoproteins, peripheral nerve damage, abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium)
CS: CNS, Infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decrease immune function
Plants: Locoweed, Milkvetch

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8
Q

Muscarine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cholinergic-R stimulation
CS: CNS stimulation
TX: Atropine
Plants: Amanita mushroom

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9
Q

Piperdine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Nicotinic stimulation and then blockade
CS: CNS- ataxia, birth defects- skeletal deformation and cleft palate
Plants: Hemlock, lupines, tocbacco

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10
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatotoxic
CS: hepatotoxicity
Plants: rattlebox, Heliotrope

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11
Q

Tropane alkaloids (atropine) MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: CNS and cardio stimulation
CS: GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis
Plants: Jimsonweed, Devils trumpet, Angels trumpet, Henbane
TX: Physostigmine

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12
Q

Xanthine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit phosphodiesterase
CS: GI, CNS and CV stimulation,
Plants: cocoa, coffee Arabica (good coffee)

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13
Q

Anthraquinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: purgative
CS:
Plants: Coffee weed (bad coffee), Aloe, Buckthorn

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14
Q

Carboxy-atractyloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatottoxicity
CS: renal damage, hypoGly, salivation
Plants: Cocklebur

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15
Q

Cardiac Glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibits Na/K ATPase
CS: cardiotoxic
TX: Digoxin immune FAB
Plants: Oleander, Foxglove, Milkweed, Periwinkle

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16
Q

Coumarin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase
CS: hemorrhage
Plants: Sweet clover,

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17
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit cytochrome oxidase
CS: Acute- lack of cell energy
Chronic- CNS degeneration
Plants: Johnson, Sudan grass, Elderberry

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18
Q

Cycasin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: unknown toxin-> carcinogenic, teratogenic, axonal degeneration
CS: GI, liver disease/CNS syndrome
Plants: Sago palm, cardboard palm, Coontie

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19
Q

Phytoestrogens MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: infertility in males and females
CS: see above
Plants: White clover, alfalfa

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20
Q

Ptaquiloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: BM suppression, Neoplasia UT, URT, retinal degeneration
CS: aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria
Plants: Bracken fern,

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21
Q

Steroidal Saponins MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatic photosensitization
CS: see above
Plants: Agave, Beargrass

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22
Q

Gossypol MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cardiotoxic, liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubles
CS: Chronic toxicity- Cardiac, male infertility Monogastrics > ruminants
Plants: Cottonseed

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23
Q

Selenium MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Se accumulation
CS: Acute- GI and Resp signs
Chronic- hair/hoof abnormalities
Plants: Aster, Prince’s Plum, Milkvetch, Alfalfa, tall grasses

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24
Q

Nitrate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: nitrate accumulation
CS: Acute- methemoglobinemia, resp depression, abortions-> fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic- abortion-> lack of progesterone
Plants: Pigweed, Oats, tall grasses, beet, lamb’s quarters, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower

25
Q

Diterpene esters MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: cell damage, enzyme dysfunction from protein kinase C
CS: GI- systemic and local
Plants: Cat tail, Croton, Candelabra cactus, crown of thorns, Poinsettia, Pencil tree, Manchineel, Sandbox, Phsyicnut

26
Q

Grayanotoxins MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: binds to Na channels
CS: GI signs, CV-tachycardia, CNS-seizures, aspiration pneumonia
Plants: Rhododendron, Laurel, Japanese pieris, fetter bush

27
Q

Lectin MOA, CS, Plants?

phytotoxin, toxalbumin

A

MOA: inhibit cell protein synthesis
CS: GI- hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Plants: Caster bean, Precatory bean, coral plant, sandbox tree, black locust, beans

28
Q

Propyl disulfide MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: ROS-> Heinz bodies
CS: abortion, Heinz body anemia, tachycardia
Plants: onion, garlic, chives, leaks

29
Q

Thiaminase MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: B1 deficiency
CS: Monogastrics- neurotoxic
Plants: Bracken fern, Horsetail

30
Q

Forage induced photosensitization?

A

MOA: primary and liver induced
CS: erythema, edema, necrosis
Plants: moldy wheat, moldy alfalfa, red clover

31
Q

Plants that cause species specific renal damage?

A

Grapes/raisins- Dogs
Lilies- Cats
Pigweed- ruminants, pigs, horses

32
Q

Unknown toxin in Yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed?

A

MOA: death of dopamine-R in the brain
CS: Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (Chewing Disease)

33
Q

What are the toxins in Pigweed?

A

Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues-> Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, renal damage

Nitrate accumulation->
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

Unknown toxin-> renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)

34
Q

Oxalis spp MOA and CS?

A

Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues, renal damage

Hypocalcemia, tetany, renal failure in large doses

35
Q

St John’s Wort MOA and CS?

A

Quinone-> primary photosensitization

Dermal irritation/associated signs, 2nd bacterial infections

36
Q

Locoweed MOA and CS?

A

Indolizidine alkaloids -> inhibit enzymes, decrease cell energy
CNS depression, infertility, HF, congenital defects

37
Q

Tobacco MOA and CS?

A

Piperidine alkaloids-> nicotinic effects -> ataxia, birth defects
Pyridine alkaloids-> nicotinic-R -> GI signs, CNS stimulation, respiratory failure

38
Q

Jimsonweed MOA and CS? TX?

A

Tropane alkaloids -> (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)
GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis
All parts are toxic
TX: Physostigmine
Seeds-> Mechanical injury

39
Q

Coffee senna (bad coffee) MOA and CS?

A

Anthraquinone -> cathartic
Unknown MOA: Purgative, sk/cardiac m myopathy, urine coffee colored, kidney damage
Horses usually die due to liver failure
DDX: monensin

40
Q

Cocklebur MOA and CS?

A

Carboxy sulfated glycoside
Hepatotoxicity, renal damage, hypoglycemia
seed pods-> mechanical injury

41
Q

Oleander and milkweed MOA and CS? TX?

A

Cardiac glycoside-> inhibit Na/K ATPase
one leaf can kill
TX: digoxin immune FAB

42
Q

Sweet clover MOA and CS?

A

Coumarin glycoside-> inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase
Hemorrhage
TX: Vit K1/whole blood
Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

43
Q

Johnson grass, Sudan grass, sorghum MOA (3) and CS?

A

Cyanogenic glycoside-> inhibits cytochrome oxidase and cell respiration
Acute- mm irritation, vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis
Chronic- anti-T4, CNS degeneration

Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities

Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

44
Q

Sago Palm MOA and CS?

A

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage
Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration
GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

45
Q

Coontie MOA and CS?

A

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage
Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration-> GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

46
Q

Oh no! I’ve been poisoned by sweet clover. what is the toxic principal and how do I treat it?

A

Coumarin glycoside, Tx with Vit K or whole blood

bonus: what are the Vit K dependent coagulation factors?

47
Q

What do you treat cardiac glycoside toxicity with?

A

Digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

48
Q

How do you treat muscarine toxicity? What causes this toxicity?

A

Atropine (muscarine antagonist) + supportive care and decontamination

49
Q

What toxic principals can be treated with Physostigmine? what are some plants that have that principal?

A

Diterpene alkaloids: Buttercup family, Monkshade

Tropane alkaloids: Henbane, Jimsonweed, devil’s trumpet, Angel’s trumpet

50
Q

Lantana MOA and CS?

A

Titerpene acid (in unripe berries)
CS: liver damage-> Hepatic photosensitization
ruminants are susceptible

51
Q

What plant causes Zamia staggers? What toxin(s) does it have?

A

Coontie

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage

Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration
GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

52
Q

What plants cause Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia? (Aka chewing disease)

A

Yellow Starthistle, Russian knapweed

53
Q

Castor bean, Precatory bean MOA and CS?

A

Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin) -> inhibit cell protein synthesis
GI signs +/- blood

54
Q

Bracken fern MOA and CS?

A

Ptaquiloside -> BM suppression, UT cancer (cows)
Aplastic anemia (cows/sheep), enzootic hematuria, renal/GI tumors (sheep)
Thiaminase-> neurotoxicity in monogastrics (also in horsetail)

55
Q

Alfalfa MOA and CS?

A

Phytoestrogen-> infertility in males and females
Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities
Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
Triterpenoid (strodial) saponins-> GI signs
Moldy-> forage induced photosensitization-> primary and 2nd to liver damage

56
Q

Milkvetch MOA and CS?

A

Nitropropanol glycoside-> inhibits krebs cycle
Cattle/sheep-> respiratory and CNS “cracker heels/roaring disease”
Horses/rodents-> CNS signs
Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities

57
Q

Agave lechugilla MOA and CS?

A

Steroidal saponins -> liver damage

Hepatogenic photosensitization

58
Q

Azalea (Rhododendron) MOA and CS?

A

Grayanotoxin-> binds Na channels -> increase permeability

GI signs, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, death via aspiration pneumonia

59
Q

Croton MOA and CS?

A

Diterpene ester-> activate protein kinase C -> cell damage
GI signs +/- blood
Also Poinsettia, Physicnut and wild physicnut

RUSVM Toxic Plants (8 decks)

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