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1
Q

Insoluble Ca oxalate MOA, CS, plants?

‘Are you a fan of delicious flavor?’

A

MOA: mechanical damage via needle shaped Ca-oxalate crystals
CS: local irritation to oral mucosa, GI signs if chewed
Plants: Chinese evergreen, Dumbcane, Devil’s ivy, Arrowhead vine, Peace lily, Philodendron. Also Mother-in-law tongue, avocado (fruit is toxic to goats) and wait for iiiiiiiitttt-> Pineapple

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2
Q

Soluble oxalate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: systemic damage from Ca oxalate crystals in tissues, renal damage
CS: hypocalcemia and renal damage
Plants: Halogenton, Greasewood, Pigweed, Oxalis spp

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3
Q

Isocupressic acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: vasoconstriction-> increase in fetal cortisol -> abortions
CS: abortions in cattle
Plants: Ponderosa pine, Cypress

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4
Q

Quinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: primary photosensitization
CS: dermal, 2nd bacterial infections
Plants: St. Johns’ wort, buckwheat

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5
Q

Tannic acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Tissue, GI and kidney damage
CS: Cattle- brown urine, GI, depression
monogastrics- GI signs
Plants:Pride of Barbados, Oak

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6
Q

Titerpene acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Liver damage and hepatic photosenstization
CS: GI and photosenitization
Plants: Lantana

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7
Q

Colchine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Antimitotic
CS: multi-organ involvement
Plants: Autumn crocus, Glory lily

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8
Q

Diterepene alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate (similar to curare)
CS: muscle weakness, collapse, sudden death
TX: Physostigmine
Plants: Delphinium spp, Monkshade (Aconite)

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9
Q

Ergot alkaloid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: vasoconstriction
CS: gangrene,
(chronic) uterine contraction-> abortions
Plant: Ergot

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10
Q

Indolizine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: decreases glycoproteins, peripheral nerve damage, abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium)
CS: CNS, Infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decrease immune function
Plants: Locoweed, Milkvetch

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11
Q

Lycorine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb is most toxic
CS: GI, CNS- seizures
Plants: Narcissus, Lily’s (not Peace lily)

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12
Q

Muscarine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cholinergic-R stimulation
CS: CNS stimulation
TX: Atropine
Plants: Amanita mushroom

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13
Q

Piperdine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Nicotinic stimulation and then blockade
CS: CNS- ataxia, birth defects- skeletal deformation and cleft palate
Plants: Hemlock, lupines, tocbacco

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14
Q

Pyridine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Nicotinic-R stimulation
CS: CNS- stimulation, GI- V/D, salivation, Respiratory failure
Plants: tobacco

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15
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatotoxic
CS: hepatotoxicity
Plants: rattlebox, Heliotrope

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16
Q

Solanine and solanidine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: all the things- multisystem
CS: CNS, GI, resp, cardiac
Plants: Nightshade family, only toxic when green and immature

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17
Q

Taxine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: similar to cardiac glycosides
CS: cardiotoxic, GI signs
Plants: Japanese yew

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18
Q

Tropane alkaloids (atropine) MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: CNS and cardio stimulation
CS: GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis
Plants: Jimsonweed, Devils trumpet, Angels trumpet, Henbane
TX: Physostigmine

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19
Q

Xanthine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit phosphodiesterase
CS: GI, CNS and CV stimulation,
Plants: cocoa, coffee Arabica (good coffee)

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20
Q

Anthraquinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: purgative
CS:
Plants: Coffee weed (bad coffee), Aloe, Buckthorn

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21
Q

Calcinogenic glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

Vit D analog

A

MOA:
CS: hyperCa, hyperPhos, lameness
Plants: Turkey berry

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22
Q

Carboxy-atractyloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatottoxicity
CS: renal damage, hypoGly, salivation
Plants: Cocklebur

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23
Q

Cardiac Glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibits Na/K ATPase
CS: cardiotoxic
TX: Digoxin immune FAB
Plants: Oleander, Foxglove, Milkweed, Periwinkle

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24
Q

Coumarin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase
CS: hemorrhage
Plants: Sweet clover,

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25
Cyanogenic glycosides MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: inhibit cytochrome oxidase CS: Acute- lack of cell energy Chronic- CNS degeneration Plants: Johnson, Sudan grass, Elderberry
26
Cycasin MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: unknown toxin-> carcinogenic, teratogenic, axonal degeneration CS: GI, liver disease/CNS syndrome Plants: Sago palm, cardboard palm, Coontie
27
Glucosinolate MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: antithyroid CS: antithyroid Plants: Soybean, Flax, yucky vegetables
28
Nitropropanol glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: inhibits Krebs cycle CS: Cattle/sheep- resp CNS horses/rodents- CNS Plants: Milkvetch, violets, lotus, Indigo
29
Phytoestrogens MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: infertility in males and females CS: see above Plants: White clover, alfalfa
30
Protoanemonin MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: volatile oil CS: GI and dermal irritation Plants: Buttercup family
31
Ptaquiloside MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: BM suppression, Neoplasia UT, URT, retinal degeneration CS: aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria Plants: Bracken fern,
32
Steroidal Saponins MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: hepatic photosensitization CS: see above Plants: Agave, Beargrass
33
Gossypol MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: Cardiotoxic, liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubles CS: Chronic toxicity- Cardiac, male infertility Monogastrics > ruminants Plants: Cottonseed
34
Molybdenum MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: Cu deficiency CS: watery, bubbly D, wasting Plants: none listed
35
Copper MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: liver damage CS: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis Plants: Clovers
36
Selenium MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: Se accumulation CS: Acute- GI and Resp signs Chronic- hair/hoof abnormalities Plants: Aster, Prince's Plum, Milkvetch, Alfalfa, tall grasses
37
Nitrate MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: nitrate accumulation CS: Acute- methemoglobinemia, resp depression, abortions-> fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic- abortion-> lack of progesterone Plants: Pigweed, Oats, tall grasses, beet, lamb's quarters, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower
38
Diterpene esters MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: cell damage, enzyme dysfunction from protein kinase C CS: GI- systemic and local Plants: Cat tail, Croton, Candelabra cactus, crown of thorns, Poinsettia, Pencil tree, Manchineel, Sandbox, Phsyicnut
39
Grayanotoxins MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: binds to Na channels CS: GI signs, CV-tachycardia, CNS-seizures, aspiration pneumonia Plants: Rhododendron, Laurel, Japanese pieris, fetter bush
40
Lectin MOA, CS, Plants? | phytotoxin, toxalbumin
MOA: inhibit cell protein synthesis CS: GI- hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Plants: Caster bean, Precatory bean, coral plant, sandbox tree, black locust, beans
41
Meliatoxin MOA, CS, Plants? | "That is Mahogany!"
MOA: entero/neuro toxic CS: GI +/- blood, CNS, resp failure Plants: Chinaberry (in Mahogany family)
42
Propyl disulfide MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: ROS-> Heinz bodies CS: abortion, Heinz body anemia, tachycardia Plants: onion, garlic, chives, leaks
43
Tetradymol MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: Liver damage- hepatogenic photosensitization CS: Sheep- CNS- depression, ataxia, Dermal- erythema, necrosis Plants: Horsebush (Sunflower family)
44
Thiaminase MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: B1 deficiency CS: Monogastrics- neurotoxic Plants: Bracken fern, Horsetail
45
Triterpenoid saponins MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: direct GI irritation CS: GI signs, hypothermia Plants: Alfalfa, Holly, English Ivy, Pokeweed
46
Resin/resinoids MOA, CS, Plants?
MOA: irritation of nervous/muscle tissue CS Plants: Milkweeds, Marijuana, Chinaberry
47
Unclassified toxin of Clovers?
MOA: hepatotoxicity CS: Hepatic photosensitization in horses, encephalopathy in large amounts
48
unclassified toxin in Avocado?
cardiotoxicity-> goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds | noninfectious mastitis-> cattle, horses, goats, rabbits
49
unclassified toxin in black walnut?
laminitis from fresh shavings
50
Forage induced photosensitization?
MOA: primary and liver induced CS: erythema, edema, necrosis Plants: moldy wheat, moldy alfalfa, red clover
51
Plants that cause species specific renal damage?
Grapes/raisins- Dogs Lilies- Cats Pigweed- ruminants, pigs, horses
52
unknown toxin in Red Maple?
MOA: wilted leaves cause hemoglobinemia -> Heinz bodies CS: brown mm, icterus, anorexia, cyanosis,
53
Unknown toxin in Coffee senna and Sicklepod?
MOA: skeletal m/cardio- myopathy CS: GI, muscle weakness, coffee colored urine
54
Unknown toxin in Yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed?
MOA: death of dopamine-R in the brain CS: Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (Chewing Disease)
55
Unknown toxin in Macadamia nuts?
Dogs- hindlimb weakness, depression, GI signs, pale mm | full recovery in 2 days
56
Plants that cause mechanical injury?
Via thorns, spines, stinging/irritating hairs | Plants: Cacti, Jimsonweed seeds, Cocklebur seed pods
57
Chinese evergreen, Dumbcane and Devils' ivy walk into a bar, what is their MOA?
insoluble Ca oxalate-> causes irritation of oral cavity and GI signs if chewed and swallowed. No systemic signs
58
Halogenton, tell me all about it.
MOA: Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate crystals -> systemic damage HypoCa, renal damage
59
What are the toxins in Pigweed?
Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues-> Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, renal damage Nitrate accumulation-> Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone Unknown toxin-> renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)
60
Oxalis spp MOA and CS?
Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues, renal damage | Hypocalcemia, tetany, renal failure in large doses
61
St John's Wort MOA and CS?
Quinone-> primary photosensitization | Dermal irritation/associated signs, 2nd bacterial infections
62
Monkshade MOA and CS?
Diterpene alkaloids -> nicotinic-R blockade (similar to curare) Muscle weakness, staggering, collapse, sudden death TX: physostigmine
63
Locoweed MOA and CS?
Indolizidine alkaloids -> inhibit enzymes, decrease cell energy CNS depression, infertility, HF, congenital defects
64
Tobacco MOA and CS?
Piperidine alkaloids-> nicotinic effects -> ataxia, birth defects Pyridine alkaloids-> nicotinic-R -> GI signs, CNS stimulation, respiratory failure
65
Rattle box MOA and CS?
Pyrrolizine alkaloids-> hepatotoxic -> 2nd brain damage | Hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic photosensitization
66
Poisonous Mushroom (Amanita) MOA and CS? TX?
Muscarine-> muscarinic cholinergic-R stimulation CNS stimulation TX: Atropine
67
Jimsonweed MOA and CS? TX?
Tropane alkaloids -> (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine) GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis All parts are toxic TX: Physostigmine Seeds-> Mechanical injury
68
A vet students' favorite plants: Cocoa and Coffee Arabica (but everything in moderation) MOA and CS?
``` Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, theobromide) -> block adenosine-R, inhibit phosphodiesterase GI, CNS stimulation, tachycardia, hypotension ```
69
Coffee senna (bad coffee) MOA and CS?
Anthraquinone -> cathartic Unknown MOA: Purgative, sk/cardiac m myopathy, urine coffee colored, kidney damage Horses usually die due to liver failure DDX: monensin
70
Cocklebur MOA and CS?
Carboxy sulfated glycoside Hepatotoxicity, renal damage, hypoglycemia seed pods-> mechanical injury
71
Oleander and milkweed MOA and CS? TX?
Cardiac glycoside-> inhibit Na/K ATPase one leaf can kill TX: digoxin immune FAB
72
Sweet clover MOA and CS?
Coumarin glycoside-> inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase Hemorrhage TX: Vit K1/whole blood Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
73
Johnson grass, Sudan grass, sorghum MOA (3) and CS?
Cyanogenic glycoside-> inhibits cytochrome oxidase and cell respiration Acute- mm irritation, vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis Chronic- anti-T4, CNS degeneration Se accumulation Acute-> GI and resp signs Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
74
Elderberry MOA and CS?
Cyanogenic glycoside and accumulates cyanide (green berries)-> inhibits cytochrome oxidase and cell respiration Acute- mm irritation, vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis Chronic- anti-T4, CNS degeneration
75
Sago Palm MOA and CS?
Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage Neurotoxic aa Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia
76
Coontie MOA and CS?
Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage Neurotoxic aa Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration-> GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia
77
Milkvetch MOA and CS?
Nitropropanol glycoside-> inhibits krebs cycle Cattle/sheep-> respiratory and CNS “cracker heels/roaring disease” Horses/rodents-> CNS signs Se accumulation Acute-> GI and resp signs Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities
78
Alfalfa MOA and CS?
Phytoestrogen-> infertility in males and females Se accumulation Acute-> GI and resp signs Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone Triterpenoid (strodial) saponins-> GI signs Moldy-> forage induced photosensitization-> primary and 2nd to liver damage
79
Bracken fern MOA and CS?
Ptaquiloside -> BM suppression, UT cancer (cows) Aplastic anemia (cows/sheep), enzootic hematuria, renal/GI tumors (sheep) Thiaminase-> neurotoxicity in monogastrics (also in horsetail)
80
Agave lechugilla MOA and CS?
Steroidal saponins -> liver damage | Hepatogenic photosensitization
81
Croton MOA and CS?
Diterpene ester-> activate protein kinase C -> cell damage GI signs +/- blood Also Poinsettia, Physicnut and wild physicnut
82
Azalea (Rhododendron) MOA and CS?
Grayanotoxin-> binds Na channels -> increase permeability | GI signs, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, death via aspiration pneumonia
83
Castor bean, Precatory bean MOA and CS?
Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin) -> inhibit cell protein synthesis GI signs +/- blood
84
What plants cause Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia? (Aka chewing disease)
Yellow Starthistle, Russian knapweed
85
What plant causes Zamia staggers? What toxin(s) does it have?
Coontie Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage Neurotoxic aa Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia
86
Lantana MOA and CS?
Titerpene acid (in unripe berries) CS: liver damage-> Hepatic photosensitization ruminants are susceptible
87
What toxic principals can be treated with Physostigmine? what are some plants that have that principal?
Diterpene alkaloids: Buttercup family, Monkshade Tropane alkaloids: Henbane, Jimsonweed, devil's trumpet, Angel's trumpet
88
How do you treat muscarine toxicity? What causes this toxicity?
Atropine (muscarine antagonist) + supportive care and decontamination poisonous mushroom
89
What do you treat cardiac glycoside toxicity with?
Digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)
90
Oh no! I've been poisoned by sweet clover. what is the toxic principal and how do I treat it?
Coumarin glycoside, Tx with Vit K or whole blood bonus: what are the Vit K dependent coagulation factors?

RUSVM Toxic Plants (8 decks)

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