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RUSVM Toxic Plants > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Insoluble Ca oxalate MOA, CS, plants?

‘Are you a fan of delicious flavor?’

A

MOA: mechanical damage via needle shaped Ca-oxalate crystals
CS: local irritation to oral mucosa, GI signs if chewed
Plants: Chinese evergreen, Dumbcane, Devil’s ivy, Arrowhead vine, Peace lily, Philodendron. Also Mother-in-law tongue, avocado (fruit is toxic to goats) and wait for iiiiiiiitttt-> Pineapple

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2
Q

Soluble oxalate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: systemic damage from Ca oxalate crystals in tissues, renal damage
CS: hypocalcemia and renal damage
Plants: Halogenton, Greasewood, Pigweed, Oxalis spp

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3
Q

Isocupressic acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: vasoconstriction-> increase in fetal cortisol -> abortions
CS: abortions in cattle
Plants: Ponderosa pine, Cypress

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4
Q

Quinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: primary photosensitization
CS: dermal, 2nd bacterial infections
Plants: St. Johns’ wort, buckwheat

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5
Q

Tannic acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Tissue, GI and kidney damage
CS: Cattle- brown urine, GI, depression
monogastrics- GI signs
Plants:Pride of Barbados, Oak

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6
Q

Titerpene acid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Liver damage and hepatic photosenstization
CS: GI and photosenitization
Plants: Lantana

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7
Q

Colchine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Antimitotic
CS: multi-organ involvement
Plants: Autumn crocus, Glory lily

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8
Q

Diterepene alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: competitive blockade of nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate (similar to curare)
CS: muscle weakness, collapse, sudden death
TX: Physostigmine
Plants: Delphinium spp, Monkshade (Aconite)

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9
Q

Ergot alkaloid MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: vasoconstriction
CS: gangrene,
(chronic) uterine contraction-> abortions
Plant: Ergot

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10
Q

Indolizine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: decreases glycoproteins, peripheral nerve damage, abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium)
CS: CNS, Infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decrease immune function
Plants: Locoweed, Milkvetch

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11
Q

Lycorine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb is most toxic
CS: GI, CNS- seizures
Plants: Narcissus, Lily’s (not Peace lily)

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12
Q

Muscarine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cholinergic-R stimulation
CS: CNS stimulation
TX: Atropine
Plants: Amanita mushroom

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13
Q

Piperdine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Nicotinic stimulation and then blockade
CS: CNS- ataxia, birth defects- skeletal deformation and cleft palate
Plants: Hemlock, lupines, tocbacco

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14
Q

Pyridine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Nicotinic-R stimulation
CS: CNS- stimulation, GI- V/D, salivation, Respiratory failure
Plants: tobacco

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15
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatotoxic
CS: hepatotoxicity
Plants: rattlebox, Heliotrope

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16
Q

Solanine and solanidine MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: all the things- multisystem
CS: CNS, GI, resp, cardiac
Plants: Nightshade family, only toxic when green and immature

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17
Q

Taxine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: similar to cardiac glycosides
CS: cardiotoxic, GI signs
Plants: Japanese yew

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18
Q

Tropane alkaloids (atropine) MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: CNS and cardio stimulation
CS: GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis
Plants: Jimsonweed, Devils trumpet, Angels trumpet, Henbane
TX: Physostigmine

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19
Q

Xanthine alkaloids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit phosphodiesterase
CS: GI, CNS and CV stimulation,
Plants: cocoa, coffee Arabica (good coffee)

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20
Q

Anthraquinone MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: purgative
CS:
Plants: Coffee weed (bad coffee), Aloe, Buckthorn

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21
Q

Calcinogenic glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

Vit D analog

A

MOA:
CS: hyperCa, hyperPhos, lameness
Plants: Turkey berry

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22
Q

Carboxy-atractyloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatottoxicity
CS: renal damage, hypoGly, salivation
Plants: Cocklebur

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23
Q

Cardiac Glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibits Na/K ATPase
CS: cardiotoxic
TX: Digoxin immune FAB
Plants: Oleander, Foxglove, Milkweed, Periwinkle

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24
Q

Coumarin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase
CS: hemorrhage
Plants: Sweet clover,

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25
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibit cytochrome oxidase
CS: Acute- lack of cell energy
Chronic- CNS degeneration
Plants: Johnson, Sudan grass, Elderberry

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26
Q

Cycasin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: unknown toxin-> carcinogenic, teratogenic, axonal degeneration
CS: GI, liver disease/CNS syndrome
Plants: Sago palm, cardboard palm, Coontie

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27
Q

Glucosinolate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: antithyroid
CS: antithyroid
Plants: Soybean, Flax, yucky vegetables

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28
Q

Nitropropanol glycoside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: inhibits Krebs cycle
CS: Cattle/sheep- resp CNS
horses/rodents- CNS
Plants: Milkvetch, violets, lotus, Indigo

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29
Q

Phytoestrogens MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: infertility in males and females
CS: see above
Plants: White clover, alfalfa

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30
Q

Protoanemonin MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: volatile oil
CS: GI and dermal irritation
Plants: Buttercup family

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31
Q

Ptaquiloside MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: BM suppression, Neoplasia UT, URT, retinal degeneration
CS: aplastic anemia, enzootic hematuria
Plants: Bracken fern,

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32
Q

Steroidal Saponins MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: hepatic photosensitization
CS: see above
Plants: Agave, Beargrass

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33
Q

Gossypol MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cardiotoxic, liver damage, destroys seminiferous tubles
CS: Chronic toxicity- Cardiac, male infertility Monogastrics > ruminants
Plants: Cottonseed

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34
Q

Molybdenum MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Cu deficiency
CS: watery, bubbly D, wasting
Plants: none listed

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35
Q

Copper MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: liver damage
CS: methemoglobinemia, hemolysis
Plants: Clovers

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36
Q

Selenium MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Se accumulation
CS: Acute- GI and Resp signs
Chronic- hair/hoof abnormalities
Plants: Aster, Prince’s Plum, Milkvetch, Alfalfa, tall grasses

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37
Q

Nitrate MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: nitrate accumulation
CS: Acute- methemoglobinemia, resp depression, abortions-> fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic- abortion-> lack of progesterone
Plants: Pigweed, Oats, tall grasses, beet, lamb’s quarters, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower

38
Q

Diterpene esters MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: cell damage, enzyme dysfunction from protein kinase C
CS: GI- systemic and local
Plants: Cat tail, Croton, Candelabra cactus, crown of thorns, Poinsettia, Pencil tree, Manchineel, Sandbox, Phsyicnut

39
Q

Grayanotoxins MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: binds to Na channels
CS: GI signs, CV-tachycardia, CNS-seizures, aspiration pneumonia
Plants: Rhododendron, Laurel, Japanese pieris, fetter bush

40
Q

Lectin MOA, CS, Plants?

phytotoxin, toxalbumin

A

MOA: inhibit cell protein synthesis
CS: GI- hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Plants: Caster bean, Precatory bean, coral plant, sandbox tree, black locust, beans

41
Q

Meliatoxin MOA, CS, Plants?

“That is Mahogany!”

A

MOA: entero/neuro toxic
CS: GI +/- blood, CNS, resp failure
Plants: Chinaberry (in Mahogany family)

42
Q

Propyl disulfide MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: ROS-> Heinz bodies
CS: abortion, Heinz body anemia, tachycardia
Plants: onion, garlic, chives, leaks

43
Q

Tetradymol MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: Liver damage- hepatogenic photosensitization
CS: Sheep- CNS- depression, ataxia, Dermal- erythema, necrosis
Plants: Horsebush (Sunflower family)

44
Q

Thiaminase MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: B1 deficiency
CS: Monogastrics- neurotoxic
Plants: Bracken fern, Horsetail

45
Q

Triterpenoid saponins MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: direct GI irritation
CS: GI signs, hypothermia
Plants: Alfalfa, Holly, English Ivy, Pokeweed

46
Q

Resin/resinoids MOA, CS, Plants?

A

MOA: irritation of nervous/muscle tissue
CS
Plants: Milkweeds, Marijuana, Chinaberry

47
Q

Unclassified toxin of Clovers?

A

MOA: hepatotoxicity
CS: Hepatic photosensitization in horses, encephalopathy in large amounts

48
Q

unclassified toxin in Avocado?

A

cardiotoxicity-> goats, horses, rabbits, caged birds

noninfectious mastitis-> cattle, horses, goats, rabbits

49
Q

unclassified toxin in black walnut?

A

laminitis from fresh shavings

50
Q

Forage induced photosensitization?

A

MOA: primary and liver induced
CS: erythema, edema, necrosis
Plants: moldy wheat, moldy alfalfa, red clover

51
Q

Plants that cause species specific renal damage?

A

Grapes/raisins- Dogs
Lilies- Cats
Pigweed- ruminants, pigs, horses

52
Q

unknown toxin in Red Maple?

A

MOA: wilted leaves cause hemoglobinemia -> Heinz bodies
CS: brown mm, icterus, anorexia, cyanosis,

53
Q

Unknown toxin in Coffee senna and Sicklepod?

A

MOA: skeletal m/cardio- myopathy
CS: GI, muscle weakness, coffee colored urine

54
Q

Unknown toxin in Yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed?

A

MOA: death of dopamine-R in the brain
CS: Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (Chewing Disease)

55
Q

Unknown toxin in Macadamia nuts?

A

Dogs- hindlimb weakness, depression, GI signs, pale mm

full recovery in 2 days

56
Q

Plants that cause mechanical injury?

A

Via thorns, spines, stinging/irritating hairs

Plants: Cacti, Jimsonweed seeds, Cocklebur seed pods

57
Q

Chinese evergreen, Dumbcane and Devils’ ivy walk into a bar, what is their MOA?

A

insoluble Ca oxalate-> causes irritation of oral cavity and GI signs if chewed and swallowed. No systemic signs

58
Q

Halogenton, tell me all about it.

A

MOA: Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate crystals -> systemic damage
HypoCa, renal damage

59
Q

What are the toxins in Pigweed?

A

Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues-> Hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, renal damage

Nitrate accumulation->
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

Unknown toxin-> renal tubular damage (ruminants, pigs, horses)

60
Q

Oxalis spp MOA and CS?

A

Soluble oxalate-> Ca oxalate in soft tissues, renal damage

Hypocalcemia, tetany, renal failure in large doses

61
Q

St John’s Wort MOA and CS?

A

Quinone-> primary photosensitization

Dermal irritation/associated signs, 2nd bacterial infections

62
Q

Monkshade MOA and CS?

A

Diterpene alkaloids -> nicotinic-R blockade (similar to curare)
Muscle weakness, staggering, collapse, sudden death
TX: physostigmine

63
Q

Locoweed MOA and CS?

A

Indolizidine alkaloids -> inhibit enzymes, decrease cell energy
CNS depression, infertility, HF, congenital defects

64
Q

Tobacco MOA and CS?

A

Piperidine alkaloids-> nicotinic effects -> ataxia, birth defects
Pyridine alkaloids-> nicotinic-R -> GI signs, CNS stimulation, respiratory failure

65
Q

Rattle box MOA and CS?

A

Pyrrolizine alkaloids-> hepatotoxic -> 2nd brain damage

Hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic photosensitization

66
Q

Poisonous Mushroom (Amanita) MOA and CS? TX?

A

Muscarine-> muscarinic cholinergic-R stimulation
CNS stimulation
TX: Atropine

67
Q

Jimsonweed MOA and CS? TX?

A

Tropane alkaloids -> (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)
GI, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, mydriasis
All parts are toxic
TX: Physostigmine
Seeds-> Mechanical injury

68
Q

A vet students’ favorite plants: Cocoa and Coffee Arabica (but everything in moderation) MOA and CS?

A 
Xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, theobromide) -> block adenosine-R, inhibit phosphodiesterase 
GI, CNS stimulation, tachycardia, hypotension
69
Q

Coffee senna (bad coffee) MOA and CS?

A

Anthraquinone -> cathartic
Unknown MOA: Purgative, sk/cardiac m myopathy, urine coffee colored, kidney damage
Horses usually die due to liver failure
DDX: monensin

70
Q

Cocklebur MOA and CS?

A

Carboxy sulfated glycoside
Hepatotoxicity, renal damage, hypoglycemia
seed pods-> mechanical injury

71
Q

Oleander and milkweed MOA and CS? TX?

A

Cardiac glycoside-> inhibit Na/K ATPase
one leaf can kill
TX: digoxin immune FAB

72
Q

Sweet clover MOA and CS?

A

Coumarin glycoside-> inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase
Hemorrhage
TX: Vit K1/whole blood
Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

73
Q

Johnson grass, Sudan grass, sorghum MOA (3) and CS?

A

Cyanogenic glycoside-> inhibits cytochrome oxidase and cell respiration
Acute- mm irritation, vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis
Chronic- anti-T4, CNS degeneration

Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities

Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone

74
Q

Elderberry MOA and CS?

A

Cyanogenic glycoside and accumulates cyanide (green berries)-> inhibits cytochrome oxidase and cell respiration
Acute- mm irritation, vasoconstriction, inhibit glycolysis
Chronic- anti-T4, CNS degeneration

75
Q

Sago Palm MOA and CS?

A

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage
Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration
GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

76
Q

Coontie MOA and CS?

A

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage
Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration-> GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

77
Q

Milkvetch MOA and CS?

A

Nitropropanol glycoside-> inhibits krebs cycle
Cattle/sheep-> respiratory and CNS “cracker heels/roaring disease”
Horses/rodents-> CNS signs
Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities

78
Q

Alfalfa MOA and CS?

A

Phytoestrogen-> infertility in males and females
Se accumulation
Acute-> GI and resp signs
Chronic -> hoof and hair deformities
Nitrate accumulation-> methemoglobinemia
Acute -> abortions due to fetal methemoglobinemia
Chronic-> abortions due to decrease progesterone
Triterpenoid (strodial) saponins-> GI signs
Moldy-> forage induced photosensitization-> primary and 2nd to liver damage

79
Q

Bracken fern MOA and CS?

A

Ptaquiloside -> BM suppression, UT cancer (cows)
Aplastic anemia (cows/sheep), enzootic hematuria, renal/GI tumors (sheep)
Thiaminase-> neurotoxicity in monogastrics (also in horsetail)

80
Q

Agave lechugilla MOA and CS?

A

Steroidal saponins -> liver damage

Hepatogenic photosensitization

81
Q

Croton MOA and CS?

A

Diterpene ester-> activate protein kinase C -> cell damage
GI signs +/- blood
Also Poinsettia, Physicnut and wild physicnut

82
Q

Azalea (Rhododendron) MOA and CS?

A

Grayanotoxin-> binds Na channels -> increase permeability

GI signs, CNS-seizures, tachycardia, death via aspiration pneumonia

83
Q

Castor bean, Precatory bean MOA and CS?

A

Lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin) -> inhibit cell protein synthesis
GI signs +/- blood

84
Q

What plants cause Equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia? (Aka chewing disease)

A

Yellow Starthistle, Russian knapweed

85
Q

What plant causes Zamia staggers? What toxin(s) does it have?

A

Coontie

Cycasin glycoside -> teratogenic, carcinogenic, liver damage

Neurotoxic aa
Unknown toxin-> axonal degeneration
GI, liver disease or CNS syndrome and ataxia

86
Q

Lantana MOA and CS?

A

Titerpene acid (in unripe berries)
CS: liver damage-> Hepatic photosensitization
ruminants are susceptible

87
Q

What toxic principals can be treated with Physostigmine? what are some plants that have that principal?

A

Diterpene alkaloids: Buttercup family, Monkshade

Tropane alkaloids: Henbane, Jimsonweed, devil’s trumpet, Angel’s trumpet

88
Q

How do you treat muscarine toxicity? What causes this toxicity?

A

Atropine (muscarine antagonist) + supportive care and decontamination

poisonous mushroom

89
Q

What do you treat cardiac glycoside toxicity with?

A

Digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

90
Q

Oh no! I’ve been poisoned by sweet clover. what is the toxic principal and how do I treat it?

A

Coumarin glycoside, Tx with Vit K or whole blood

bonus: what are the Vit K dependent coagulation factors?

RUSVM Toxic Plants (8 decks)

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