OTH: Immune System Flashcards
What are the central structures of the immune system?
Thymus and bone marrow
What are the peripheral structures of the immune system?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Other accessory structures
This immune cell is a foreign molecule and illicits the immune response
Antigen
Antibodies (or immunuglobulins) are proteins that tag ______
Antigens
What are the primary cells of the immune system?
T and B lymphocytes
This immune cell presents the antigen to the lymphocytes
Macrophages
This immune cell is the master regulator of the immune response - they influence the function of other immune cells
CD4 helper cells
The _____ ______ ______ allows the body to recognize threat from self
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Where is the thymus located?
What does the thymus produce?
Behind sternum, above heart, and extends into neck
Produces mature T lymphocytes
What cells are found in the lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Plasma cells
Spleen is found where?
LUQ btw stomach and diaphragm
The spleen produces what cells?
Leukocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
And plasma cells
In response to infection
Immune response: when you have repeat exposure to an antigen, it activates immunological ______
If you have excess immune response, you form _____ or ______ reactions
Memory
Allergies or autoimmunes rxns
Primary immunodeficiency disease is due to a DEFECT in ___ cells, ____ cells, and _____ tissues
T cells
B cells
Lymphoid tissue
Example of primary immunodeficiency disease?
Congenital disorder (ex: the organs did not develop and produce mature lymphocytes)
Severe combined immune disease (SCID)
Secondary immunodeficiency disease is due to ______ _______ or ____ that depressed the immune system
Underlying patho
Treatment
Ex: leukemia, bone marrow tumor, chronic RM, renal failures, CA tx, organ transplant
Autoimmune diseases can be ____ specific or _____
Etiology?
Organ
Systemic
U/K
HIV:
What immune cell is decreased?
CD4+ helper cells —> CD4+ T lymphocytopenia
HIV:
Stage 1: (Acute HIV infection): ___-Iike symptoms
Within how many weeks after infection?
FLU LIKE
2-4 weeks after infection
HIV:
Stage 2: (clinical latency)
Symptomatic/asymptomatic? HIV infection or _____ HIV infection
Decade or more.
Asymptomatic
Chronic
HIV:
Stage 3: (______) - most severe, opportunistic illness
STAGE 3 is AIDS
HIV: In order for transmission to occur, blood, semen, rectal/vag fluid, breast milk must contact _____ _____, _____ ____, or from _____
Mucous membrane
Damaged tissue
Syringe
HIV:
Diagnosis - Positive results from TWO TESTS: what are they?
CD4 count: 500-1200 cells/mm
Testing with HIV1/HIV2 antigen/antibody combo immunoassays
AIDS:
What is the diagnosis process?
CD4 count is below 200 cells/mm or certain opportunistic illness
VERY INFECTIOUS
AIDS symptoms: failure __ _____
Failure to thrive
AIDS malignancy: includes what 3 things?
Kaposi’s sarcoma, non Hodgkins, primary brain lymphoma
AIDS: do they have memory problems?
May progress to AIDS dementia complex
HIV: is there a cure?
No cure
Without treatment, HIV will progress to AIDS
HIV: Meds?
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) - decreases the amt of virus, and given in combo with 2-3 other drugs
This is not a cure, however
HIV: What are some adverse reactions to ARTs?
Rash N/V/D HA Dizzy Fatigue Pain
HIV:
____ management and ____ conservation
____ management
Fatigue
Energy
Respiratory
HIV: what kind of pxns?
Standard
HIV: When should you postpone exercise testing?
During acute infections
HIV: why should you avoid contact sports?
Increased bleeding risk
CFS: Fatigue is prolonged, post exertional malaise will last how long?
Greater than 24 hours
CFS: ___ _____ is frequent and recurring
Sore throat
CFS: Tender \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ Muscle \_\_\_ Unrefreshing \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ of new type
Lymph nodes
Pain
Sleep
HA
CFS:
These patients have MULTI-JOINT PAIN
Is there edema and redness?
NO SWELLING OR REDNESS
CFS:
Impairments in ____ ____ memory
And have deconditioning and anxiety
Short term
CFS:
Etiology?
Unknown
However, immunological abn and neuroendocrine changes are present
CFS: Dx/Px:
Must have ___ major criteria and ___ of ___ symptom criteria
2 MAJOR
4 or more of 8 symptoms
CFS: what are the major criteria?
New onset of persistent fatigue (present for at least 6 mos)
Doesn’t resolve with bed rest
Decreased activity by 50%
CFS: more common in what population?
Females
20-30
CFS: ____ recovery, 5-10% recovery completely
Limited
CFS: is there a cure?
NO, and no Rx drugs either
CFS:
Symptomatic treatment includes what?
Analgesics/NSAIDs for my/arthralgia
Nutrition
Antidepressants
CFS:
____ _____ is common
Ortho hypo
And dyspnea with exercise
CFS: _____ _____ ____ and ____ ____ ___
Postural stress syndrome
Movement adaptation syndrome
CFS: To measure fatigue use the ____ ____ ____ ____
Also examine ______
Modified fatigue impact scale
Depression
FMS: What is the difference btw CFS and FMS
FMS has WIDESPREAD pain and significant trigger points
FMS: widespread ______ pain and ______
And _____ _____
Musculoskeletal
Fatigue
Other symptoms
FMS:
Etiology?
U/K but multifactorial
Viral?
Maybe after trauma, surgery, infection, or psych stress
FMS:
There are immunological abn and neurohumeral abn, just like ____
CFS
FMS:
Common in pts with _____ disease
Can also be ______
Rheumatic
Genetic
FMS:
F or M?
Females more often
FMS: Sx’s
- Myalgia
- General ache, persistent _______
- ____ disturbance, general ___ stiffness
* * 4. Multiple _____ _____
Also cold intol, HA, IBS, cog problems, restless legs, atypical numbness/tingling
5. Anxiety/depression common
Fatigue
Sleep, AM
Trigger points
FMS: Dx with what two criteria?
Widespread pain for at least 3 months
11/18 positive TPs
FMS: is there a cure?
NO
FMS: what are the symptomatic management meds?
Relief for pain
Antidepressants
Anti-seizure drugs
Nutrition and psych help also
FMS: Pt will have exercise ________
_____ exercise is KEY
Avoid _____
Intolerance
Daily
Overuse
FMS: these patients will do well in _______!
Aquatic
