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RAD514 > Ostoporosis > Flashcards

Ostoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Defined as a BMD that lies 2,5 standard deviations below average

So a T score of < -2.5

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  1. Failures to achieve peak bone mass as an adult
  2. Bone loss later in life
  3. Genetic
  4. Idiopathic
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3
Q

What is primary osteoporosis

A

Aging process including the menopause

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4
Q

What is secondary osteoperosis

A

Secondary to pathological condition or medication

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5
Q

What age do people reach peak bone age

A

30

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6
Q

What decreases bone mass

A

Smoking, poor nutrition, inactivity, alcohol

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7
Q

What is primary osteoporosis type 1

A

•Post menopausal osteoporosis
• 15-20 years after menopause (55-70 years old)
• due to low oestrogen
• exclusively cancellous bone
• mainly affecting - vertebrae, distal radius

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8
Q

What is primary osteoporosis type 2

A
  • Senile osteoporosis
    -> 70 years old
  • directly related to the aging process
  • both cancellous and cortical bone
  • mainly affecting - hip, pelvis, long bones and vertebrae
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9
Q

What is secondary osteoporosis

A

Due to something else. Eg:

  • endocrine diseases
  • chronic diseases such as COPD or liver disease
  • medications: corticosteroids, phenytoin
  • nutritional deficiency: malnutrition, anorexia
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10
Q

what is involved in a fracture risk assessment?
Including which tools can be used?

A

Assesses 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture risk

Frax - fracture risk tool
QFracture tool

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11
Q

What are the indications for a fracture risk assessment?

A

~ all women over 65
~ all men over 75
~ those under these ages but with other risk factors

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12
Q

What does DEXA stand for?

A

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan

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13
Q

DEXA scan info

A

Very low dose
- most common L-spine and femur
Forearm can be used if these are not available

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14
Q

What is a T-score?

A

The T-score shows how much your bone mass differs from the bone mass of an average 30 year old adult.

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15
Q

What is a Z-score?

A

The Z-score compares your bone density with that of people your own age,size and sex.

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16
Q

How is the score from the DEXA scan measured?

A

As a standard deviation from the mean

17
Q

How often is a DEXA scan repeated?

A

2 - 5 years depending on individual case

18
Q

What are the Advantages of CT looking at bone density?

A

Highly specific
Better accuracy
Enter in axial skeleton assessment (multi detector)

19
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT for looking at Bone density?

A

More expensive
More radiation

20
Q

What are the advantages of DEXA scanning?

A
  • cheap
  • widely used
  • high sensitivity
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of DEXA scanning?

A
  • operator dependant
    -Less accurate
  • Low specificity
22
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Bone density has begun to dwindle but is not yet considered dangerous

23
Q

What is the T - value for osteopenia?

A

Between -1 and -2 SD

24
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Bone density levels become critical and frequent fractures are likely.

25
Q

What is the T-value for osteoporosis?

A

T-value < -2 standard deviations

26
Q

How do osteoporotic bones show under X-ray ?

A
  • Increased radiolucency
  • Cortical thinning
  • Altered trabecular pattern
27
Q

What is Osteomalacia and rickets?

A

Osteomalacia = soft bones
Decreased mineralisation of newly formed bone matrix

Rickets is the same condition but in children

Both increase the risk of fractures and bone deformities.

28
Q

What are the preventative measures for loss of bone density?

A

+ strength training exercises
+ diet (high calcium intake)
+ vitamin D supplements
+ medications (such as bisphosphonates)
+ stopping medications causing osteoporosis
+ bone protection for people on long-term steroids
+ reducing alcohol intake and smoking

RAD514 (21 decks)

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