Neural Bleeds Flashcards
What does the frontal lobe control?
Executive functions,
Thinking
Planning
Organising
Problem solving
Emotions
Behaviour
Personality
What does the parietal lobe control?
Perception
Making sense of the world
What does the temporal lobe control?
Memory, understanding , language
How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have and what’re is it located?
2 hemispheres
Infra tentorial
What is the falx cerebri?
Tough membranous structure - runs down the centre of the skill to provide support to the brain
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Provides smooth, coordinated body movement
Where is extra dural?
Between skull and dura
In extradural bleeds what is the blood?
Arterial
Where is the subdural space?
Between the dura and arachnoid
In a sub dural bleed what is the blood?
Venous
What is the blood in a subarachnoid bleed?
Arterial
What is the Monro-Kellie hypothesis?
The total sum of the volumes of brain, CSF and Intracerebral blood is constant.
What are some of the different types of brain herniation?
- central herniation
- intracerebral mass
- cingulate herniation
- uncal herniation
- infratentorial herniation
What is the function of the ventricles in the brain?
CSF is produced in the choroid plexus
- produces 400-700 mls a day
Circulation
Protects / acts as a buffer
Removes metabolic waste
Maintains homeostasis
Why is acute haemorrhage hyperdense on CT?
Normal blood is 56 HU
Acute haemorrhage / clot has a higher protien concentration due to the high haemoglobin levels so a different HU
How do we classify bleeds? - by location? (2)
Intra-axial
Extra- axial
What are the subtypes of extra-axial bleeds? (4)
Extra dural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Intraventricular
(Essentially bleeds outside of the brain matter)
What are the subtypes of intra-axial haemorrhage?
Intra-cerebral haemorrhage (inside the brain matter)
- lobar
- Pontine (pons)
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellar
What are extra-dural bleeds?
Lentiform in shape - (aka lemon shape)
Arterial
Traumatic
Associated with skull fracture sites
Does NOT cross suture lines
Most common location - temporal bones
What are subdural bleeds?
Venous
Can cross suture lines
Common in either elderly or young (can be associated with NAI), alcoholics, those on anticoagulants and with frequent falls
Crescent or banana shaped
What is the injury called when there is a injury to the brain after it has been impacted onto the opposite side to the injury site?
Contrecoup injury = opposite side
Coup = same side
What does brain oedema mean? How does it appear on CT and what are some of the common causes?
Abnormal shifts of water across various compartments of the brain parenchyma
Appears dark on CT - dark rings around bleeds
May be due to trauma, stroke, tumour or abscess
What areas do Cytotoxic injuries affect?
What are some of the common causes
They affect both white and grey matter
Commonly caused by strokes
What areas of the brain does vasogenic injures affect?
Only the white matter is affected - grey matter is usually normal
Commonly caused by tumour or abscess
What is a diffuse axonal injury?
- Severe form of TBI due to shearing forces -
The Brains long connecting nerve fibres (axons) are torn after the brain is shifted and rotated within the skull
Usually diagnosed on MRI
Poor prognosis - sportive care only
