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Neuroanatomy > Osteology and vertebrae > Flashcards

Osteology and vertebrae Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the temporal bone?

A

Petrous and squamous

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2
Q

What is the central ridge on the ethmoid bone called?

A

Crista galli

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3
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

fold of dura that attaches tot eh apex of the crista galli

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4
Q

What is the saddle shaped part of the sphenoid bne called?

A

sellitursica

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5
Q

What is the cavernous sinus?

A

carotid artery, 3rd, 4th, 6th and V1 of 5th cranial artery pass through here

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6
Q

what is meckels cave?

A

shallow depression in middle cranial fossa where the three branches of the trigeminal nerve lie

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7
Q

what passes through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

olfactory nerve

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8
Q

what goes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

3rd, 4th, 6th and V1 of 5th cranial nerve

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9
Q

what goes through the optic canal?

A

cranial nerve 2 (optic nerve)

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10
Q

what passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

V2 (maxillary) of trigeminal nerve

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11
Q

what passes through the foramen ovalae?

A

V3 (mandibular) division of trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

what goes through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery (blood to dura and skull)

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13
Q

where do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries arise from?

A

vertebral arteries

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14
Q

where do 9th, 10th and 11th cranial nerve exits?

A

jugular foramina

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15
Q

what nerves pass through internal acoustic meatus?

A

7th (facial) and 8th (vestibulocochlear)

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16
Q

where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

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17
Q

where does the anterior circulation enter the skull?

A

internal carotid arteries through the carotid canal

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18
Q

where does the posterior circulation enter the skull?

A

vertebral arteries pass through foramen magnum

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19
Q

where does venous drainage pass through the skull?

A

ends in signoid sinus which passes through jugular foramen

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20
Q

where does the opthalmic artery pass out through the skull?

A

with the optic nerve through the optic canal

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21
Q

where does the superior opthalmic vein pass through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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22
Q

where does the labyrinthine artery pass through and whats its clinical significance?

A

internal acoustic meatus (disease will call pulsatile tinnitus, hear own heartbeat)

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23
Q

whats the role of the spinal column?

A

weight bearing and locomotion

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24
Q

what is the spinal column made up from?

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 vertebrae fuse to form sacrum

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25
Q

parts of vertebrae?

A
  • vertebral body
  • pedicles (pass upwards to three structures)
  • transverse processes (point outwards)
  • articular process (points upwards, superior and inferior one)
  • lamina (forms roof over top of spinal canal
  • spinous process
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26
Q

what makes thoracic vertebrae different?

A
  • long downwards pointing spinous process
  • articulation for ribs at the vertebral body for the head of the rib
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27
Q

what makes cervical vertebrae different?

A
  • much smaller
  • small transverse processes
  • extra piece of bone that has fused with transverse process to create foramina (vertebral artery passes through)
  • spinous process has two points (bifid)
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28
Q

whats another name for C1?

A

atlas

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29
Q

whats another name for C2?

A

axial

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30
Q

whats the odontoid peg?

A

on C2 there is a projecting part that would lie in the position of C1

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31
Q

whats beyond the sacrum?

A

coccyx

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32
Q

whats the curvature of the spinal column?

A

cervical forward
thoracic backwards
lumbar forward

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33
Q

whats a forward curve called?

A

lordosis

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34
Q

whats a backwards curve called?

A

kyphosis

35
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

when the spinal column bends sideways

36
Q

what are the layers of cartilage that connect vertebrae to intervertebral discs?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, another layer of hyaline cartilage

37
Q

whats the intervertebral discs made of?

A

liquid in centre called nucleus pulposus
fibrous tissie and cartilage called annulus fibrosus

38
Q

whats the name of the ligament that runs down the front of vertebral bodies?

A

anterior spinal ligament

39
Q

whats the name of the ligament that runs down the back of the vertebral boides?

A

posterior spinal ligament

40
Q

whats the ligament called that attahces the lamina?

A

ligamentum flavum

41
Q

how are the spinous processes connected?

A

interspinous ligament

42
Q

how are the tips of the spinous processes connected by?

A

supraspinoous ligament

43
Q

what is a slipped disc?

A
  • compressant force on front of vertebral body puts tension on annulus fibrosus and it may tear
  • nucleus pulposus will bulge through and compress the spinal nerve
44
Q

what causes arthitis in spine?

A

when the dura sticks to the articular facets

45
Q

where is the spinal canal widest?

A

cervical region

46
Q

what are the meninges of the spinal cord?

A

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

47
Q

what is a lumbar puncture?

A

sampling CSF by placing needle in subarachnoid space in lumbar region

48
Q

what is spinal anaesthetic?

A
  • injection of local anaesthetic into subarachnoid space in lumbar or sacral region
49
Q

whats the last bit of spinal cord called and how does it finish?

A

conus medullaris

50
Q

how and where does the spinal cord end?

A

finished in a tube of pia mater called phylum terminalis at the end of the coccyx

51
Q

where do sensory pathways enter spinal cord?

A

dorsal aspect (dorsal horn)

52
Q

where do motor pathways exit the spinal cord?

A

ventral aspect of spinal cord

53
Q

whats the cauda equina?

A

collection of sensory and motor neurons entering and exiting spinal cord below the end of the spinal cord

54
Q

how are the spinal nerves name?

A

-cervical nerves named from vertebra theyre above
-thoracic and lumbar nerves exit below their numbered vertebrae

55
Q

whats the lower limit of the spinal cord?

A

approximately L1 and L2
- damage at L2 would not damage spinal cord

56
Q

whats different about the thoracic spinal cord?

A

has an intermediade horn that contains components of sympathetic nervous system

57
Q

whats the name of the motor pathway of the spinal cord?

A

corticospinal tract

58
Q

what is the pathway of the corticospinal tract in the brain?

A

arises in motor cortex, passes through internalcapsule and through midbrian and pons

59
Q

where does the lateral corticospinal tract first decussate?

A

pyramid of medulla

60
Q

whats the name of the corticospinaltract that does not decussate and what does it supply?

A

anterior/ventral
- axial muscles of trunk, neck and shoulders

61
Q

whats the name of the three sensory pathways of the spinal cord?

A

spinocerebellar
spinothalamic
dorsal medial lemniscus

62
Q

what sensory information does the spinothalamic tract carry?

A

temperature change, pressure and pain (ends in thalamus)

63
Q

where does decussation happen in the spinothalamic tract?

A

in the spinal cord

64
Q

what sensory information from the spinocerebellar tracts carry?

A

balance and position sense

65
Q

what is the mnemonic for the ventral and dorsal spinocerebllar tracts?

A

COVID (contralateral info is ventral tract, ipsilateral info is the dorsal tract)

66
Q

what sensory information does the dorsal column medial lemniscis pathway carry?

A

fine touch, vibration, two point discrimination

67
Q

what are the gracile and cuneate fasiculi?

A

gracile: mid thoracic and lower limbs
cuneate: upper limbs

68
Q

where does decussation occur in dorsla column medial lemniscus pathway?

A

in the medulla

69
Q

where do the second order neurons go to in dorsal medial lemniscus pathway?

A

medial lemniscus in the thalamus

70
Q

where do the third order neurons terminate in the dorsal medial lemniscus pathway?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

71
Q

what are the symptoms of raised intracranial pressure?

A

headache, nausea, visual disturbances, later altered consciousness levels

72
Q

what are the signs of raised intracranial pressure?

A

papilloedema, increased blind spot on visual field testing

73
Q

what is jugular foramen syndrome?

A

compression of multiple lower cranila nerves (9, 10 and 11)

74
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of jugular foramen syndrome?

A

dysphonia (disorder of voice), loss of gag reflex and unlilateral wasting of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

75
Q

what is foramen magnum syndrome?

A

compression of spinal cord, lower brainstem or cerebellum

76
Q

what are the symptoms of foramen magnum syndrome?>

A

pain in head, neck, limbs and trunk made worse by straining
- cerebellar symptoms: vertigo, gait disturbance

77
Q

what are the signs of foramen magnum syndrome?

A

decerebrate posture, cardiorespiratory failure, pyramidal signs

78
Q

what is radiculopathy?

A

nerve root pathology: most commonly compression due to prolapsed intervertebral disc

79
Q

what is sciatica?

A

-compression or irritaion of sciatic nerve (L5)

80
Q

what are signs and symptoms of sciatica?

A
  • pain radiating down the buttock, into leg and down to the calf
  • weakness in dorsiflexion causes foot drop leading to abnormal gait
81
Q

what is cauda equine syndrome?

A
  • compression of nerve roots below level of spinal cord termination
82
Q

what are signs and symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

-low back pain
- bladder dysfucntion
-faecal incontinence

83
Q

what is a lumbar puncture used for?

A
  • diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypotension
  • MS diagnosis (oligoclonal bands)
  • diagnose infectious meningitis and encephalitis
  • diagnose subarachnoid haemorrhage

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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