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Neuroanatomy > Brain stem and cranial nerves > Flashcards

Brain stem and cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first cranial nerve?

A

Olfactory (sensory)

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2
Q

What is the function of the first cranial nerve?

A

Innervates the olfactory epithelium (olfaction)

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3
Q

What are the entry points of the first cranial nerve?

A

Cribiform plate (skull)
Anterior perforated substance (brain)

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4
Q

What is the second cranial nerve?

A

Optic (sensory)

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5
Q

Whats the function of the second cranial nerve?

A

Eye and vision

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6
Q

What are the entry points of the second cranial nerve?

A

Optic canal (skull)

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7
Q

What is the third cranial nerve?

A

Occulomotor (motor)

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8
Q

Whats the function of the third cranial nerve?

A

Eye movement
Innervates all extraoccular muscles apart form superior oblique and lateral rectus

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9
Q

What happens if the third cranial nerve is damaged?

A

Causes pupil to be down and out

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10
Q

What is the 4th cranial nerve?

A

Trochlear (motor)

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11
Q

Whats the function of the 4th cranial nerve?

A

Eye movement: superior oblique muscle of eye (pulls eye down)

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12
Q

What are the exit points of the 4th cranial nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure (skull)
Midbrain: below inferior colliculus (brain), passes through cavernous sinus

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13
Q

What are the exit points of the 3rd cranial nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure (skull)
Midbrain: posterior to mammillary bodies (brain), passes through cavernous sinus

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14
Q

What is the fifth cranial nerve?

A

Trigeminal:
- opthalamic (V1) sensory
- maxillary (V2) sensory
- mandibular (V3) both

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15
Q

What does the opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Sensations in eye, skin of nose, eyelid and forehead

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16
Q

What does the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Sensation from upper teeth, mucosa of nasal cavity (middle of face)

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17
Q

What does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Sensations in skin over the mandible
Motor neurons involved in mastication (chewing)

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18
Q

Where does the 5th cranial nerve arise in the brain?

A

Pons

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19
Q

Where does V1 of trigeminal nerve enter the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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20
Q

Where does V2 of trigeminal nerve enter the skull?

A

Foramen retundum

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21
Q

Where does V3 of trigeminal nerve enter/exit the skull?

A

Foramen ovalae

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22
Q

What is the 6th cranial nerve?

A

Abducent (motor)

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23
Q

What does the 6th cranial nerve do?

A

Abducts the eye (lateral rectus muscle)

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24
Q

Where does the 6th cranial nerve exit from?

A

Superior orbital fissure (skull)
Pons (brain)

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25
Q

Whats 7th cranial nerve?

A

Facial (motor and sensory)

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26
Q

What does the 7th cranial nerve do?

A

Motor: facial expressions
Sensory: taste sensation of anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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27
Q

Where does the 7th cranial nerve enter/exit?

A

Joins in internal acoustic meatus but exits through stylomastiod formaina (skull)
Pons (brain)

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28
Q

Whats the 8th cranial nerve?

A

Vestibularcochlear (sensory)

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29
Q

What does the 8th cranial nerve do?

A

Coordination and balance (semi-circular canals)
Hearing (cochlear)

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30
Q

What are the entry points of the 8th cranial nerve?

A

Internal acoustic meatus and terminates in petrous part of temporal bone(skull)
Pons (brain)

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31
Q

Whats the 9th cranial nerve?

A

glossopharyngeal (motor and sensory)

32
Q

What does the 9th cranial nerve do?

A

Sensory: taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Motor: Elevating the larynx and pharynx (speaking and swallowing)

33
Q

Where does the 9th cranial nerve enter/exit?

A

Jugular formina (skull)
Lateral sulcus of medulla (brain)

34
Q

Whats the 10th cranial nerve?

A

Vagus (sensory and motor)

35
Q

What does 10th cranial nerve do?

A

Regulation of internal organ functions (down to transverse colon): digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate, vasomotor activity
Certain reflex actions: coughing, sneezing, swallowing,
vomiting

36
Q

What are the entry/exit points of 10th cranial nerve?

A

Jugular formina (skull)
Lateral sulcus (medulla)

37
Q

Whats the 12th cranial nerve?

A

hyopglossal (motor)

38
Q

Function of 12th cranial nerve?

A

Intrinsic muscles of tongue (tongue movement)

39
Q

Exit point of 12th cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal canal (skull)
Anterolateral sulcus of medulla (brain)

40
Q

11th cranial nerve?

A

Accessory (motor)

41
Q

Function of 11th cranial nerve?

A

Movement of neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius)

42
Q

Entry/exit point of 11th cranial nerve?

A

Jugular foramina (skull)
Medulla (brain)

43
Q

What is bulbarpalsy?

A

Lower motor neuron palsy of cranial nerves 9-12
Symptoms: dysphagia, slurring of speech, dysphonia etc.
Common causes: brainstem stroke, tumour

44
Q

What is Bells palsy?

A

Damage to facial nerve
Causes temporary weakness or lack of movement affecting 1 side of the face
Exact cause unknown

45
Q

After the optic chiasm, which tracts decussate?

A

Lateral fibres carry on same side
Medial fibres decussate

46
Q

After the optic chiasm, where do the tracts go?

A

Lateral geniculate body (part of thalamus and where fibres synapse)

47
Q

After the lateral geniculate body, where do the fibres from the inferior part of the eye go on the way to the occipital lobe?

A

Temporal lobe

48
Q

Which fibres go to parietal lobe after the lateral geniculte body and before the occipital lobe?

A

Fibres from superior part of eye

49
Q

How is the image different with a lens?

A

lower half looks up (vice versa), outside of retina looks inwards (vice versa)

50
Q

What happens if there is a lesion of optic chiasm?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia (impaired peripheral vision in outer temperal halves of the visual field of each eye)

51
Q

Lesion posterior to optic chiasm?

A

Homonymous hemianopia (vision loss on same side of visual field in both eyes)

52
Q

What causes quantantinopia?

A

Lesion in posterior part of brain (after 2nd synapse in lateral geniculate body)
quarter of visual field in each eye is lost

53
Q

Common cause of lesion of optic chiasm?

A

Pituitary tumour (pituitary sits under chiasm)

54
Q

Function of midbrain?

A

Connecting stalk between ventral diencephalon and pons

55
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A

Tectum (posterior) and tegmentum (anterior)

56
Q

Where are the inferior and superior colliculi found and what do they do?

A

Tectum
Inferior: auditory reflexes
Superior: visual reflexes

57
Q

Structures in tegmentum?

A

Reticular formation, red nucleus, VTA and periaqueductal grey matter, cerebral aqueduct, substantia nigra

58
Q

What does cerebral aqueduct do?

A

CSF from third to fourth ventricle

59
Q

What does substantia nigra do?

A

Dopamine neurons, involved in movement
Project to basal ganglia
Degeneration is hallmark of PD

60
Q

What does the red nucleus do?

A

High iron levels make it appear pink
Involved in fine movement, crawling in babies, arm swinging in walking, cat landing on feet

61
Q

What is crus cerebri?

A

most anterior part of midbrain (includes cortiospinal tract)

62
Q

What are the three roles of the pons?

A

Relay station
Involuntary functions (breathing and REM sleep)
Houses cranial nerve nuclei 5-8

63
Q

What is the bublopontine sulcus?

A

junction between pons and medulla

64
Q

Locus coerulus?

A

regulates amount of noradrenlaine

65
Q

What nuclei is contained in ventral pons?

A

Pontine nuclei: corticopontine fibres and descending cortiospoinal fibres

66
Q

WHere is the reticular formation found and what does it do?

A

Lateral pons and contains ascending sensory tracts

67
Q

What happens if the myelin in the pons is destroyed?

A

Central pontine myelinolysis
- causes confusion, balance problems, dysphagia, hallucinations
- happens when sodium levels are corrected too quickly

68
Q

Function of medulla oblongata?

A

Autonomic (involuntary) functions including HR, breathing, vomiting and BP
Houses cranial nerve nuclei 8-12

69
Q

What are the olives in the medulla?

A

swellings lateral to ventrolateral sulcus and mark underlying olivary nucleus (movement control)

70
Q

Pyramids of medulla?

A

Contain corticospinal tracts (80% of fibres decussate here)

71
Q

What are the gracile and cuneate tubercles?

A

Ascending (afferent) pathways conveying sensory information form legs (gracile) and arms (cuneate)

72
Q

What is lateral geniculate body for?

A

Visual system

73
Q

What is the medial geniculate body for?

A

auditory system

74
Q

whats on either side of the two pyramids on medulla?

A

inferior olivary nuclei

75
Q

what do the inferior olivary nuclei communicate with?

A

cerebellum

76
Q

what does the superior colliculus project to?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus (deals with vision)

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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