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Neuroanatomy > General features of the brain > Flashcards

General features of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is sagittal plane?

A

splits the hemispheres

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2
Q

what is horizontal/transverse/axial plane?

A

separates the top from the bottom (cerebellum and brain stem below, cortex above_

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3
Q

what is the coronal/frontal plane?

A

splits the front from the back (frontal cortex at front and occipital cortex at the back)

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4
Q

what makes up the hindbrain?

A

medulla, pons and cerebellum

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5
Q

what makes up the midbrain?

A

tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and cerebral peduncle (tegmentum and crus cerebri)

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6
Q

what makes up the forebrain?

A

diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia)

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7
Q

what is a neuropil?

A

feltwork of intermingled an dinterconnected neuronal processes space between the neuronal cells bodies

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8
Q

whats the difference between nuclei and ganglia?

A

nuclei in the CNs, ganglia in the PNS

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9
Q

whats the role of the frontal lobe?

A
  • higher intellectual functions
  • voluntary movement
  • expressive language
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10
Q

where is Brocas area found and what does it do?

A

frontal lobe
articulation of speech

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11
Q

whats the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • memory processing
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12
Q

where is wernickes area and where is it found?

A

temporal lobe
speech comprehension and formulation

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13
Q

what happens in wernickes aphasia?

A

-speak in jumbled ‘word salad’ and others cannot understand

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14
Q

what happens in brocas aphasia?

A
  • limited language but people can understand
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15
Q

whats the role of the parietal lobe?

A

-primary somatosensation
- maths
- spatial sense and nagivation

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16
Q

whats the role of the occipital lobe?

A
  • vision
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17
Q

whats the role of the cerebellum?

A

motor control of equlibirium, posture and muscle tone

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18
Q

whats the role of the thalamus?

A

filter and relay station

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19
Q

whats the role of the basal ganglia?

A

modulator, motor and cognitive patterns generator

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20
Q

whats the inferior brachium?

A

auditory information from the medial geniculate body to the inferior colliculi

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21
Q

whats the superior brachium?

A

visual information form th elateral geniculate body to the superior colliculi

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22
Q

what are the two layers of the dura?

A

outer endosteal layer and inner meningeal layer

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23
Q

whats the role of the falx cerebri?

A

keeps the two hemispheres seperate

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24
Q

whats the tentorium cerebelli?

A

sheet of dura between cerebellum and occipital ples

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25
Q

what are the small calcified bumps important for CSF reabsorbtion called?

A

arachnoid granulations

26
Q

what is typically the cause of extradural haemorrhage?

A

traumatic head injury

27
Q

what is the typical cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A
  • stroke and vascular incidents
28
Q

what artery supplies the anterior circulation of the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries

29
Q

what supplies posterior circulation?

A
  • vertebral and basilar arteries
30
Q

what two major branches come from the carotid artery?

A
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • middle cerebral artery
31
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

supplies the corpus callosum and the medial territories of hemispheres

32
Q

what are the anterior cerebral arteries joined by?

A

anterior communicating artery

33
Q

what does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

lateral territories of hemispheres

34
Q

where does the middle cerebral artery run through?

A

middle of lateral fissure

35
Q

what does the posterior circulation supply blood to?

A
  • hindbrain and inferior and posterior regions of cerebrum
36
Q

whats the final branch of the basilar artery and what does it supply?

A
  • posterior cerebral artery
  • supplies inferior and medial surface of temporal lobes and occipital lobes
37
Q

which arteries supply the cerebellum?

A
  • posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
  • anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
  • superior cerebellar artery
38
Q

what joins the basilar to the internal carotid artery?

A

posterior communicating artery

39
Q

what vein runs along the lateral fissure?

A

superficial middle cerebral vein

40
Q

how does the venous drainage system work?

A

internal cerebral veins -> external cerebral veins -> dural sinuses

41
Q

how are dural venous sinuses formed?

A
  • endosteal and meningeal layers of dura separate and the spaces formed between these layers are venous sinuses
42
Q

which sinus runs along the superior surface of falx cerebri?

A

superior sagittal sinus

43
Q

which sinus runs along the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

inferior sagittal sinus

44
Q

which sinus runs along the middle of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

straight sinus

45
Q

whats it called when the straight sinus meets the superior sagittal sinus?

A

confluence of sinuses

46
Q

whats the flow of blood after the confluence of sinuses?

A

transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> jugular vein

47
Q

clinical relevance of sinuses?

A

potential root of infection is the cavernous sinus
- contains 5 cranial nerves (2,3,4 and V2 of 5) and internal carotid

48
Q

where does the carotid arteries enter the skull?

A

carotid canal

49
Q

where does the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

foramen magnum

50
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus leave the skull and what does it become?

A
  • jugular foramen and becomes internal jugular vein
51
Q

where does opthalmic arteries leave the skull?

A

optic canal with optic nerve

52
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery pass through the skull?

A

foramen spinosum

53
Q

Explain the parts of the lateral ventricle?

A
  • anterior horn (goes into frontal lobe)
  • inferior horn (goes into temporal lobe)
  • posterior horn (goes into occipital lobe)
54
Q

how are the 3rd ventricle and lateral ventricle connected?

A

intraventricular foramen (foramen of Munroe)

55
Q

how are the 3rd and 4th ventricles connected?

A

cerebral aqueduct

56
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

-myelinating cells of CNS
-provide metabolic support for axons

57
Q

what are the myelinating cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

58
Q

Apart from location whats a difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A
  • oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons
  • Schwann cells can only myelinate single or single bundles of axons
59
Q

what is BBB sensitive to?

A

inflammation. hypertension, trauma and ischaemia

60
Q

what is BBB formed from?

A
  • endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes
61
Q

features of BBB?

A
  • endothelial tight junctions
  • astrocyte end feet
  • pericytes
  • continuous basement membrane (lack of fenestrations)
  • need specific transporters for glucose, water (AQP4), essential ions
62
Q

what are circumventricular organs?

A
  • lack normal BBB as they are important for homeostasis and endocrine function

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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