Forebrain

Question 1

What is the corpus callosum?

Answer 1

largest white matter tract
- communication between the two hemispheres

Question 2

Where is the cingulate gyrus found?

Answer 2

wrapped around the corpus callosum

Question 3

What does the CSF drain through from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricles?

Answer 3

intraventricular foramen (foramne of munroe)

Question 4

How does CSF get from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle?

Answer 4

cerebral aqueduct

Question 5

What are the two pathways that CSF drains from the 4th ventricle?

Answer 5

Laterally in formina of luschka or medially through formina of Magendie

Question 6

What cells are part of chrorid plexus and involved in CSF production?

Answer 6

Ependymal cells

Question 7

What happens when theres mutations in ependymal cells?

Answer 7

hydocephalus (build up of fluid in brain, increases pressure)

Question 8

What is the internal capsule?

Answer 8

White matter that separates thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus and caudate (two limbs: anterior and posterior ‘V shaped’

Question 9

Where is external capsule located?

Answer 9

claustrum (lining) of basal ganglia

Question 10

What is the insula?

Answer 10

cortex in the lateral fissure

Question 11

What makes up the striatum?

Answer 11

head of caudate, anterior loimb of internal capsule and putamen

Question 12

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Answer 12

putamne and globus pallidus

Question 13

what are the part sof the corpus callosum?

Answer 13

genu (anterior)
splenium (posterior)
Body

Question 14

what is the massa intermedia?

Answer 14

present if two thalami are close enought together (not everyone has it)

Question 15

Function of the thalamus?

Answer 15

• sensory relay station
• cerebellar and BG relays to motor frontal lobe
• connected to associative and limbic area

Question 16

What happens if theres damage to thalamus?

Answer 16

loss of sensation, pain or movement disorders

Question 17

where does the anterior nucleus of the thalamus project to?

Answer 17

cingulate gyrus

Question 18

wha is the lateral geniculate body involved with?

Answer 18

vision

Question 19

what is the medial geniculate body involved with?

Answer 19

auditory information

Question 20

what makes up the basal ganglia?

Answer 20

Caudate nucleus (head and tail)
Putamen
Globus pallidus (internal and external)

Question 21

Function of basal ganglia?

Answer 21

intermediate level initiation and coordination of movement

Question 22

What is activity of the basal ganglia facillitated by?

Answer 22

DA from the substantia nigra

Question 23

what is the direct pathway?

Answer 23

Facillitates voluntary movement
- motor cortex to striatum to GPi and substantia nigra to thalamus

Question 24

what is the indirect pathway?

Answer 24

• inhibits movement
• motor cortex to striatum to globus pallidus external, to subthalamic nucleu to GPi to thalamus

Question 25

How is the BG involved in PD?

Answer 25

DA neurons lost in the substantia nigra, impairs the ability to initiate movement

Question 26

Affects of Huntingtons disease on striatum?

Answer 26

atrophy of head of caudate occurs - causes involuntary movement

Question 27

What is the nucleus basalis of Meynert?

Answer 27

- underneath the anterior commisure - main source of ACh to whole brain

Question 28

Clinical significance of nucleus basalis of Meynert?

Answer 28

In AD many neurons in nucleus basalis are lost - decrease ACh

Question 29

Clinical significance of nucleus basalis of Meynert?

Answer 29

In AD many neurons in nucleus basalis are lost - decrease ACh

Question 30

Function of hypothalamus?

Answer 30

homeostasis - main output is pituitary gland

Question 31

What does the entorhinal cortex do?

Answer 31

Funnels information into hippocampus

Question 32

what are fimbriae?

Answer 32

output from hippocampus that forms the fornix

Question 33

Limbic system circuit?

Answer 33

Fornix attaches round to mammillary bodies -> project to thalamus (via mammillothalamic tract)->cingulate gyrus->cingulum-> entorhinal cortex

Question 34

What part of the hippocampus is particulary susceptible to hypoxic ischaemic processes?

Answer 34

CA1

Question 35

What is the only sensory system that does not get wired via the thalamus?

Answer 35

olfactory system

Question 36

what is the dentate gyrus?

Answer 36

afferent portion of hippocampus that receives major projection from enterohinal cortex (perforant path)

Question 37

what are lesions of hippocampus associated with?

Answer 37

anterograde amnesia (forming new memories)

Question 38

what cells make up the cortex?

Answer 38

inhibiotry interneuorns, pyramidal cells, glia etc.

Question 39

What are the characteristic architectural features of the cortex?

Answer 39

columar (neurones align vertically) lamina (different cells in different layers)

Question 40

whats the names of the large pyramidal cells in layers 2,3,5 and 6?

Answer 40

Betz cells

Question 41

whats the rule on the size of the neurons?

Answer 41

size of cell body relates to the length of the axon it gives rise to

Question 42

where does layer 5 project to?

Answer 42

brainstem and spinal cord (larger neurons, have to project further)

Question 43

where does layer 6 project to?

Answer 43

projects to thalamus

Question 44

what is the operculum?

Answer 44

lips of lateral fissure

Question 45

whats the function of the insula?

Answer 45

emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, slef awareness, cognitive functioning and interperosnal experience

Question 46

where is brocas area and what is its function?

Answer 46

frontal lobe - language production

Question 47

what is wernickes area and where is it found?

Answer 47

language interpretation and temporal lobes

Question 48

function of oligodendoryctes?

Answer 48

- speeds up AP - trophic support (energy in form of lactate)

Question 49

what are association fibres?

Answer 49

communicate withiin a cerebral hemisphere

Question 50

what are commissural fibres?

Answer 50

communicate between hemispheres as well as within hemispheres

Question 51

what are projection fibres?

Answer 51

go up and down to deeper structures eg. brainstem and spinal cord