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Neuroanatomy > Forebrain > Flashcards

Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

largest white matter tract
- communication between the two hemispheres

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2
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus found?

A

wrapped around the corpus callosum

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3
Q

What does the CSF drain through from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricles?

A

intraventricular foramen (foramne of munroe)

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4
Q

How does CSF get from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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5
Q

What are the two pathways that CSF drains from the 4th ventricle?

A

Laterally in formina of luschka or medially through formina of Magendie

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6
Q

What cells are part of chrorid plexus and involved in CSF production?

A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

What happens when theres mutations in ependymal cells?

A

hydocephalus (build up of fluid in brain, increases pressure)

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8
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter that separates thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus and caudate (two limbs: anterior and posterior ‘V shaped’

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9
Q

Where is external capsule located?

A

claustrum (lining) of basal ganglia

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10
Q

What is the insula?

A

cortex in the lateral fissure

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11
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

head of caudate, anterior loimb of internal capsule and putamen

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12
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamne and globus pallidus

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13
Q

what are the part sof the corpus callosum?

A

genu (anterior)
splenium (posterior)
Body

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14
Q

what is the massa intermedia?

A

present if two thalami are close enought together (not everyone has it)

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15
Q

Function of the thalamus?

A
  • sensory relay station
  • cerebellar and BG relays to motor frontal lobe
  • connected to associative and limbic area
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16
Q

What happens if theres damage to thalamus?

A

loss of sensation, pain or movement disorders

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17
Q

where does the anterior nucleus of the thalamus project to?

A

cingulate gyrus

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18
Q

wha is the lateral geniculate body involved with?

A

vision

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19
Q

what is the medial geniculate body involved with?

A

auditory information

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20
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus (head and tail)
Putamen
Globus pallidus (internal and external)

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21
Q

Function of basal ganglia?

A

intermediate level initiation and coordination of movement

22
Q

What is activity of the basal ganglia facillitated by?

A

DA from the substantia nigra

23
Q

what is the direct pathway?

A

Facillitates voluntary movement
- motor cortex to striatum to GPi and substantia nigra to thalamus

24
Q

what is the indirect pathway?

A
  • inhibits movement
  • motor cortex to striatum to globus pallidus external, to subthalamic nucleu to GPi to thalamus
25
Q

How is the BG involved in PD?

A

DA neurons lost in the substantia nigra, impairs the ability to initiate movement

26
Q

Affects of Huntingtons disease on striatum?

A

atrophy of head of caudate occurs
- causes involuntary movement

27
Q

What is the nucleus basalis of Meynert?

A
  • underneath the anterior commisure
  • main source of ACh to whole brain
28
Q

Clinical significance of nucleus basalis of Meynert?

A

In AD many neurons in nucleus basalis are lost
- decrease ACh

29
Q

Clinical significance of nucleus basalis of Meynert?

A

In AD many neurons in nucleus basalis are lost
- decrease ACh

30
Q

Function of hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis
- main output is pituitary gland

31
Q

What does the entorhinal cortex do?

A

Funnels information into hippocampus

32
Q

what are fimbriae?

A

output from hippocampus that forms the fornix

33
Q

Limbic system circuit?

A

Fornix attaches round to mammillary bodies -> project to thalamus (via mammillothalamic tract)->cingulate gyrus->cingulum-> entorhinal cortex

34
Q

What part of the hippocampus is particulary susceptible to hypoxic ischaemic processes?

A

CA1

35
Q

What is the only sensory system that does not get wired via the thalamus?

A

olfactory system

36
Q

what is the dentate gyrus?

A

afferent portion of hippocampus that receives major projection from enterohinal cortex (perforant path)

37
Q

what are lesions of hippocampus associated with?

A

anterograde amnesia (forming new memories)

38
Q

what cells make up the cortex?

A

inhibiotry interneuorns, pyramidal cells, glia etc.

39
Q

What are the characteristic architectural features of the cortex?

A

columar (neurones align vertically)
lamina (different cells in different layers)

40
Q

whats the names of the large pyramidal cells in layers 2,3,5 and 6?

A

Betz cells

41
Q

whats the rule on the size of the neurons?

A

size of cell body relates to the length of the axon it gives rise to

42
Q

where does layer 5 project to?

A

brainstem and spinal cord (larger neurons, have to project further)

43
Q

where does layer 6 project to?

A

projects to thalamus

44
Q

what is the operculum?

A

lips of lateral fissure

45
Q

whats the function of the insula?

A

emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, slef awareness, cognitive functioning and interperosnal experience

46
Q

where is brocas area and what is its function?

A

frontal lobe
- language production

47
Q

what is wernickes area and where is it found?

A

language interpretation and temporal lobes

48
Q

function of oligodendoryctes?

A
  • speeds up AP
  • trophic support (energy in form of lactate)
49
Q

what are association fibres?

A

communicate withiin a cerebral hemisphere

50
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A

communicate between hemispheres as well as within hemispheres

51
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

go up and down to deeper structures eg. brainstem and spinal cord

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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