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Neuroanatomy > Olfactory and limbic systems, basal ganglia, association and projection fibres > Flashcards

Olfactory and limbic systems, basal ganglia, association and projection fibres Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main roles of the limbic system?

A
  • role in learning
  • role in regulation and translation of emotional state into appropriate behaviour
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2
Q

what system is the limbic system related to?

A

olfactory

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3
Q

what connects the limbic system?

A

Papez circuit

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4
Q

what structure was not in the original Papez cirucit?

A

amygdala

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5
Q

what areas are involved with the limbic system?

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocomapl formation, parahippocampal gyrus, anterior perforated substance, septal nuclei, uncus and amygdala

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6
Q

what is the cingulum bundle?

A

continuous bundle of fibres between cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

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7
Q

what type of fibres is the cingulum bundle?

A

association fibres (connect cortical regions in same hemisphere)

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8
Q

what is an example of projection fibres thats found behind and above the corpus callosum?

A

internal capsule

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9
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

connect cortical and subcortical regions

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10
Q

what does olfactory tracts divide into?

A

medial olfactory striae and lateral olfactory striae

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11
Q

where does majority of lateral olfactory striae project to?

A

uncus (hook like structure at anterior end of parahippocampl gyrus)

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12
Q

where is primary olfactory cortex situated?

A

uncus

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13
Q

where do the rest of the projections from the lateral olfactory striae go?

A

hippocampus and orbito-frontal cortex by the thalamus

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14
Q

what is lateral olfactory striae important for?

A

initial perception and recognition of smells

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15
Q

where do medial olfactory striae project to?

A
  • septal nuclei in hypothalamus
  • olfactory sensors connected by the anterior commissure (allow for odorant gradients)
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16
Q

what is the largest bundle of association fibres?

A

superior longitudinal fasciculus

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17
Q

where is choroid plexus found?

A
  • lateral ventricles (CSF production)
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18
Q

what sits in floor of lateral ventricles medially?

A

hippocampus

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19
Q

what is the caudate nucleus?

A

part of basal ganglia
- has head, body and tail following the curve of the lateral ventricles

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20
Q

what is the striae terminalis?

A

bundle of white fibres accompanying the curve of the caudate around into the temporal horn of the ventricle and connecting the amygdala with the septal nuclei and hypothalamus

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21
Q

where is the amygdala found?

A

tip of inferior horn of lateral ventricles
overlies the hippocampus

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22
Q

what are fimbria?

A
  • efferent fibres form the hippocampus heading to the fornix forming a flattened longitudinal bundle of white matter
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23
Q

what are the basal ganglia important for?

A

control of movement

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24
Q

what is caudate attached to and whats its importance?

A

tail of caudate attached to amygdala
important for fear responses

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25
Q

role of hippocampus?

A

long term memories and emotional repsonses

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26
Q

which area of brain is most severely affected in AD?

A

hippocampus

27
Q

what is the pes hippocampi?

A

anterior part of hippocampus with shallow grooves
- gives it appearance of paw/foot

28
Q

what happens if there are lesions in limbic system?

A
  • depends on location
  • anterograde amnesia
  • generation of emotions in absence of external stimuli
  • inappropriate emotional responses
29
Q

what is hyrocephalus?

A
  • blockage of CSF flow in ventricles (eg. tumour) or subarachnoid space (eg. adhesions following meningitis or trauma)
  • causes increase in pressure and ventricles swell
30
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus?

A
  • increased intracranial pressure: headache, unsteadiness and mental impairment
31
Q

what is treatment for hydrocephalus?

A

pressure relieved by insertion of a shunt connecting the ventricular system to the peritoneum or jugular vein

32
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Forebrain: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
Diencephalon: Subthalamic nuceli
Midbrain: substantia nigra

33
Q

what does fornix split and go down to form?

A

mammillary bodies

34
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen
globus pallidus

35
Q

where is internal capsule located?

A

between striatum and thalamus

36
Q

what is the layering of basal ganglia going laterally to medially?

A

extreme capsule -> claustrum -> external capsule -> lentiform nucleus (putamen, Gpe, Gpi)

37
Q

what is putamen and globus pallidus separated by?

A

lateral medullary lamina

38
Q

what separates the external and internal globus pallidus?

A

medial medullary lamina

39
Q

what is corpus striatum made up of?

A

caudate and putamen

40
Q

what is the claustrum?

A

strip of grey matter
- receives inputs from and projects to the cerebral cortex
- responds to visual, auditory and sensory stimuli
- function poorly understood

41
Q

what is internal capsule?

A
  • projection fibres carrying motor and sensory fibres to and from the cortex
42
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens?

A

where caudate and putamen meet

43
Q

what does nucleus accumbens do?

A
  • reward centre
  • dopaminergic input from VTA in midbrain
44
Q

what does anterior limb of internal capsule separate?

A

caudate and putamen

45
Q

what does posterior limb of internal capsule separate?

A

thalamus from putamen

46
Q

what is forceps minor?

A

passes through genu of corpus callosum

47
Q

what is foreceps major?

A

passes through splenium of corpus callosum

48
Q

Symptoms of PD?

A
  • cog-wheel rigidity
  • pill-rolling tremor at rest (thumb and forefinger)
  • shuffling, festinant gait (difficulty starting and stopping)
  • bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • loss of facial expressions
49
Q

what causes PD?

A
  • degeneration of DA neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta
  • depletion of DA levels
50
Q

what is HD?

A
  • autosomal dominant ingerited genetic disorder
51
Q

symptoms of HD?

A
  • chorea (overshooting, unintentional movements)
  • personality change
  • depression
  • progressive dementia due to degeneration of corpus striatum and cerebral cortex
52
Q

what is lacunar stroke?

A
  • most common type of ischaemic stroke
53
Q

what causes lacunar stroke?

A

occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood to deep structures of brain

54
Q

what is a common site for lacunar stroke to occur?

A

lenticulostriate arteires (branch of middle cerebra arteries) that supply internal capsule

55
Q

what can stroke affecting internal capsule cause?

A
  • hemiparesis typically affecting half the face (ipsilateral) or one arm or leg (contralateral)
  • ataxic hemiparesis (combo. cerebellar and motor symtpims) most commonly affecting the leg
  • mixed sensorimotor stroke if the thalamus is also affeted
56
Q

what is an example of a specific basal ganglia disorder?

A

PD

57
Q

what makes up the Papez circuit?

A

Hippocampus -> fimbrie -> fornix -> mammillothalamic tract -> mamillary bodys -> projection fibres -> cingulate gyrus -> parahippocampal gyrus -> hippocampis

58
Q

whats the role of the thalamus?

A

filter, relay, independent nuclei

59
Q

role of basal ganglia?

A
  • initiation and control of ongoing movement
  • acquisition and expression phases of motor learning
  • avolition (motivational outcomes/goal directed activity)
  • repetitive, inflexible patterns of attention, emotion, planning and cognition
60
Q

what makes up the basal ganglia?

A

putamen, caudate and globus pallidus

61
Q

whats the role of the limbic system?

A

sexual and emotional aspects of behaviour, motivation and memory processing

62
Q

what is cingulate gyrus important for?

A
  • gives meaning to things
63
Q

relevance of cingulate gyrus in surgery?

A
  • can remove cingulate gyrus in surgery to help with pain (pathology here can cause increased pain as it is constantly being brought to consciousness)
64
Q

what is reticular formation?

A
  • diffuse nervous tissue in tegmentum and core of brainstem

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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