Osmotic Regulation Flashcards
Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely
A) found in freshwater lakes and streams.
B) marine.
C) amphibious.
D) found in arid terrestrial environments.
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.
B) Marine
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environment. A) hyperosmotic; freshwater B) isotonic; freshwater C) hyperosmotic; saltwater D) isoosmotic; saltwater E) hypoosmotic; saltwater
D) Isoosmotic
The basic functional unit of excretion found in the kidney is the: A) ureter B) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule C) glomerulus D) nephron ANSWER:D
D) Nephron
Urea is produced in the A) liver from NH3 and CO2. B) liver from glycogen. C) kidneys from glucose. D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids.
A) Liver from NH3 and CO2
Urea is
A) insoluble in water.
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia.
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds.
C) The Primary Nitrogenous waste product of humans
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? A) ammonia B) ammonium ions C) urea D) uric acid
D) Uric acid
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include
A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
B) lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment.
C) lots of seawater, such as a marine mammal (e.g., a polar bear).
D) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets.
E) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats.
A) Lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish
The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is A) ammonia. B) ammonium. C) urea. D) uric acid.
D) Uric Acid
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
A) urea can be exchanged for Na+.
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia.
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient.
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body.
B) Urea is less toxic than ammonia
The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is A) ammonia. B) nitrate. C) nitrite. D) urea. E) uric acid.
E) Uric Acid
Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion? A) amino acids B) urea C) uric acid D) ammonia E) nitrogen gas
C) Uric Acid
n animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of A) starch and cellulose. B) triglycerides and steroids. C) proteins and nucleic acids. D) phospholipids and glycolipids. E) fatty acids and glycerol.
C) Proteins and nucleic acids
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) filtration B) ultrafiltration C) selective reabsorption D) secretion E) active transport
C) Selective reabsorption
The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the
A) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure.
B) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate.
C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.
D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure.
E) expulsion of urine from the body.
C) Selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids
An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the A) flame bulb system of flatworms. B) protonephridia of rotifers. C) metanephridia of earthworms. D) Malpighian tubules of insects. E) kidneys of vertebrates.
E) Kidneys of Vertebrates
The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule
A) results from active transport.
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones.
C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred.
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman’s capsule
D) Is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capilliaries of the glomerulus
) Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in A) the vasa recta. B) Bowman's capsule. C) the loop of Henle. D) the proximal tubule. E) the collecting duct.
A) The Vasa recta
The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from A) the loop of Henle. B) the collecting duct. C) Bowman's capsule. D) the proximal tubule. E) the glomerulus.
B) The Collecting Duct
The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include A) ions. B) glucose. C) plasma proteins. D) amino acids. E) dissolved gasses.
C) Plasma proteins
Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because
A) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.
B) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion.
C) excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic ions.
D) excreted amino acids are in abundance.
E) potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity.
A) Hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.
Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules
A) achieves the sorting of plasma proteins according to size.
B) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea.
C) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.
D) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons.
C) Maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids
In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle
A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body.
B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid.
C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water.
D) have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
C) Have plasma membranes of low permeability to water
In humans,Urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is transported by which tube: A) urethra B) ureter C) collecting duct D) proximal convoluted tubule
B) Ureter
When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along A) the loop of Henle. B) the collecting duct. C) Bowman's capsule. D) the proximal tubule. E) the distal tubule.
E) The Distal Tubule
