Osmotic Regulation

Question 1

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely
A) found in freshwater lakes and streams.
B) marine.
C) amphibious.
D) found in arid terrestrial environments.
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.

Answer 1

B) Marine

Question 2

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environment.
A) hyperosmotic; freshwater
B) isotonic; freshwater
C) hyperosmotic; saltwater
D) isoosmotic; saltwater
E) hypoosmotic; saltwater

Answer 2

D) Isoosmotic

Question 3

The basic functional unit of excretion found in the kidney is the:
A) ureter
B) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
C) glomerulus
D) nephron
ANSWER:D

Answer 3

D) Nephron

Question 4

Urea is produced in the
A) liver from NH3 and CO2.
B) liver from glycogen.
C) kidneys from glucose.
D) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids.

Answer 4

A) Liver from NH3 and CO2

Question 5

Urea is
A) insoluble in water.
B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia.
C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds.

Answer 5

C) The Primary Nitrogenous waste product of humans

Question 6

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?
A) ammonia
B) ammonium ions
C) urea
D) uric acid

Answer 6

D) Uric acid

Question 7

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include
A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
B) lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment.
C) lots of seawater, such as a marine mammal (e.g., a polar bear).
D) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets.
E) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats.

Answer 7

A) Lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

Question 8

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is
A) ammonia.
B) ammonium.
C) urea.
D) uric acid.

Answer 8

D) Uric Acid

Question 9

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
A) urea can be exchanged for Na+.
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia.
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient.
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body.

Answer 9

B) Urea is less toxic than ammonia

Question 10

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is
A) ammonia.
B) nitrate.
C) nitrite.
D) urea.
E) uric acid.

Answer 10

E) Uric Acid

Question 11

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?
A) amino acids
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) ammonia
E) nitrogen gas

Answer 11

C) Uric Acid

Question 12

n animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of
A) starch and cellulose.
B) triglycerides and steroids.
C) proteins and nucleic acids.
D) phospholipids and glycolipids.
E) fatty acids and glycerol.

Answer 12

C) Proteins and nucleic acids

Question 13

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?
A) filtration
B) ultrafiltration
C) selective reabsorption
D) secretion
E) active transport

Answer 13

C) Selective reabsorption

Question 14

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the
A) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure.
B) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate.
C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids.
D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure.
E) expulsion of urine from the body.

Answer 14

C) Selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

Question 15

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is
the
A) flame bulb system of flatworms.
B) protonephridia of rotifers.
C) metanephridia of earthworms.
D) Malpighian tubules of insects.
E) kidneys of vertebrates.

Answer 15

E) Kidneys of Vertebrates

Question 16

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule
A) results from active transport.
B) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones.
C) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred.
D) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
E) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman’s capsule

Answer 16

D) Is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capilliaries of the glomerulus

Question 17

) Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in
A) the vasa recta.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) the loop of Henle.
D) the proximal tubule.
E) the collecting duct.

Answer 17

A) The Vasa recta

Question 18

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from
A) the loop of Henle.
B) the collecting duct.
C) Bowman's capsule.
D) the proximal tubule.
E) the glomerulus.

Answer 18

B) The Collecting Duct

Question 19

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include
A) ions.
B) glucose.
C) plasma proteins.
D) amino acids.
E) dissolved gasses.

Answer 19

C) Plasma proteins

Question 20

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because
A) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.
B) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion.
C) excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic ions.
D) excreted amino acids are in abundance.
E) potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity.

Answer 20

A) Hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.

Question 21

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules
A) achieves the sorting of plasma proteins according to size.
B) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea.
C) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.
D) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons.

Answer 21

C) Maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

Question 22

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle
A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body.
B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid.
C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water.
D) have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 22

C) Have plasma membranes of low permeability to water

Question 23

In humans,Urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is transported by which tube:
A) urethra
B) ureter
C) collecting duct
D) proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 23

B) Ureter

Question 24

When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along
A) the loop of Henle.
B) the collecting duct.
C) Bowman's capsule.
D) the proximal tubule.
E) the distal tubule.

Answer 24

E) The Distal Tubule

Question 25

Increased ADH secretion is likely after
A) drinking lots of pure water.
B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity.
C) ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks).
D) eating a small sugary snack.

Answer 25

B) Sweating induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

Question 26

Role of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
A) is produced by the kidney
B) increases the amount of water in urine
C) decreases the volume of urine produced
D) is produced by the adrenal gland

Answer 26

C) decreases the volume of urine produced

Question 27

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of
A) increased aldosterone production.
B) increased blood pressure.
C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule.
E) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity.

Answer 27

C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 28

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by
A) sleeping for one hour.
B) severe sweating on a hot day.
C) eating a bag of potato chips.
D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni.

Answer 28

B) Severe sweating on a hot day

Question 29

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by
A) stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins.
B) triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to
water.
C) causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids.
D) causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.

Answer 29

D) causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.

Question 30

What is the correct order for an excreted water molecule moving from glomerulus to
collecting duct?
A) loop of nephron-glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-distal convoluted tubule
B) proximal convoluted tubule-glomerular capsule-loop of nephron-distal convoluted tubule
C) glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-loop of nephron-distal convoluted tubule
D) none of the choices are correct

Answer 30

C) glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-loop of nephron-distal convoluted tubule