osmosis review Flashcards
what are some causal organisms for travelers diarrhea
this is a stomach and intestinal infection that is caused by bacterial infection in 90% of cases. most commonly E coli, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni and shigella.
what is the prophylaxis for travelers diarrhea
fluoroquinolones such as ciprofaloxacin
what is the treatment for travelers
rehydration therapy
what is brucellosis infection
this is due to exposure to animals or contaminated food products. this is a zoonotic infection. has a wide spectrum of illness
what is the presentation of brucellosis
violaceous papulonodular lesions and erythema nodosum. usually someone in contact with animals, such as a veterinarian.. fever, nightsweats, arthralgias, fatigue, weakness, and weight loss.
what is the treatment ofor brucellosis
doxycycline and rifampin
5 fluorouracil treatment is and does what
this is for the treatment of actinic keratoses and causes ulceration, crusting, hypopigmentation in areas that its applied.
it works by inihibiting the synthesis of DNA
what are actinic keratoces
precancerous lesions tht have the potential to evolve into squamous cell carcinoma. they commonly result from sun exposure.
what is the presentation of bacterial vaginosis
thin grey white discharge with a fishy odor. clue cells on wet mount and a positive wiff test and an increase in vaginal pH (>4.5) fishy odor with the addition of KOH on the prep
what is the causal oragnism for bacterial vaginosis and the treatment
gardinella vaginosis
treatment is metronidazole
what is HELLP syndrome
preeclampsia with thrombotic microangiopathy involving the liver. this is characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count.
what is the treatment for HELLP
immediate induction of labor
what is chancroid
this is similar to syphillus but with a painful ulcer and a swollen inguinal lymph node. caused by hemophilus ducreyi
what is nasopharyngeal carcinoma presentation and the causal organism
epstein barr.
blurry vision, diffiulty speaking, hoarseness, persistent ear infections, face pain or numbness, headache, hearing loss, ringing in the ears, feeling of fullness in the ears, lump in the neck or the nose, and sore throat.
torre muir syndrome
type of HNPCC characterized by subaceous adenomas
what is the presentation for liver angiosarcoma
rare malignant vascular neoplasm. this is the most common cause of liver angiosarcoma is prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride monomers such as weatherstipping and plastic pipes.
what is the treatment for bacterial meninigitis in a person older than 50
vancomycin, ceftriaxone, and ampicillin.
what is the treatment for a younger person with bacterial meningitis
dexamethasone, ceftriaxone and vancomycin .
what is pneumoperitoneum
can be caused by a perforated abdominal ulcer presents with nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satierty, anemia, and a positive urease breath test.
what does a urease breath test indicate
H pylori infection
what is the presentation of hypervitaminosis A
dry skin, blurry vision, headache, fatigue, alopecia, and increased cerebral spinal fluid pressure
what is relapsing fever
vector borne disease caused by borrelia recurrentis and transmitted by ticks or lice. chracteristic pattern of intermittent fevers.
what is the treatment for relapsing fever
doxycycline or tetracycline
what is the mechanism of action for amiodarone and what can it cause
potassium channel blocker
can cause sensitivity to UV light
should you performed a vaginal exam on someone suspected placenta previa
No, this could worsen the vaginal bleeding associated with it.
what is the presentation of placental abruption
painful vaginal bleeding during pregnancy
what is the general presentation of placenta praevia
painless vaginal bleeding during pregnancy
what is the most significant risk factor for adenomacarcinoma of the pancreas
smoking
what is the presentation for pancreatic cancer
jaundice with a nontender palpable gallbladder
what is courvoisier sign
nontender palpable gallbladder
what is vascular access steal syndrome
occurs in patients with arteriovenous fistula for dialysis resulting in ischemia pallor, diminished peripheral pulses, neuropathy, infarction and ulceraions
what is the most important initial management for a patient with acute pancreatitis
IV fluids
what heart condition is associated with borrelia lyme infection
third degree heart block.
this is lyme carditis
what is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma
what is the presentation of adrenal adenoma
hypertension with high alderosterone and low renin, increased H+ and K+ secretion. this may also cause hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis.
Thoracic endometriosis syndrome
implantation of endometrial tissue on the parietal and visceral pleura and causes perimenstrual chest pain, SOB, hemoptysis. 90% of cases happen in the right hemithorax.
tinea vesicolor infection
hypopigmented macules caused by malassezia furfur
what is the treatment for tinea vesicolor
selenium sulfide, topical terbinafine or ketoconzole. or any oral -azole
pemphigoid gestationis
rare autoimmune condition caused by IgG to BP-AG2 a component of the hemidesmosome
causes a pruritic plaques, papulees or veiscles on the abdomen. and it usually occurs in the third trimester.
what are the most common organisms to cause necrotizing faciitis
strep pyogenes, clostridium perfringens, ans staph aureus
what is the presentation of necrotizing fascitis
infection that results in the death of soft tissue. this is sudden onset and red or purple skin in the affected area. severe pain, fever, leukocytosis, vomiting
peripartum cardiomyopathy
heart failure that occurs at the end of pregnancy and is managed like other people with systolic dysfunction.
does biliary colic present with lab or physical exam findings
there are usually not any findings. just episodic pain, fever, nausea and vomiting after meals.
what are the signs and symptoms of right heart failure
progressive dyspnea, heptojugular reflux, pulsus paradoxsus, and ventricular gallop
what does the histology of chronic gastritis secondary to h pylori looj lik e
partial replacement of the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia
what is H pylori
gram negative rod
what is the treatment for bacterial meningitis (meningiococcal meningidis
ceftriaxone
what antibiotic do you give to people that have been exposed to meningiococcal meninigits
rifampin
what deficiencies can mimic fibromyalgia
hypothyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, magnesium deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency
how does scabies of the groin present
as an intensely itching rash of the groin. red marks. presents similar to crabs, as an STD
what is the treatment for scabies of the groin
permethrin cream
what is cryptococcus neoformins
this is an encapsulated yeast with a narrow based budding that grows on sabouraud agar and is responsible for causing fungal meningitis in immunocompromised patients
pemphigoid gestationis is also called what
herpes gestationis. this is a blistering rash on a erythematous base that is widespread.
what is the treatment for actinomyces
penicillin G
if allergic then use erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin
what is the presentation of fanconi anemia
pancytopenia, higher incidence of malignancy, cafe au lait, thumb or radial anomalies, anal atresia, congenital heart disease, esophageal atresia. anemia is typically macrocytic
what is the most common malignancy in fanconi anemia
acute myeloid leukemia
what type of birth control is contraindicated in women that are predisposed to hypercoagulability
anything that contains estrogen.
the patch
what is the difference between a incarcerated and strangulated hernia
incarcerated is a hernia that cannot be reduced.
strangulated has blood supply cut off.
what is the difference between an inguinal and femoral hernia
inguinal typically involves the scrotal sac.
what is the tall tell sign of a hydrocele
transilluminating mass in the testicle
what is the presentation of trichomonas vaginalis
strawberry cervix ith motile flagellated organisms. vaginal discharged that is malodorous.
what is the treatment for trichomonas
metronidazole
what is the standard treatment for cellulitis
cephalexin
what are the labs for anemia of chronic disease
decreased serum iron and total iron binding capacity with increased ferritin
what is the most common cause of epididymitis over the age of 35
E coli
what is the presentation of epidimitis
testicular pain, swelling, dysuria, frequency, and or urgency. positive prehn sign, normal testicular lie and cremasteric reflex
what is prehn sign
reduction of the pain with lifting of the testicular.
Bullous pemphigoid
presents as groups of pruritic, tense, fluid-filled bullae that arise from normal or inflamed skin, often following several weeks or months of a non-specific rash.
what is the treatment for chlamydia or gonorrhea
both are covered by an empiric treatment with a single dose of IM ceftraixone and 1g of oral azitrhromyicn
what is the pathophysioplogy of drug-induced pemphigus vulgaris
suprabasal acantholysis
this is caused by desmoglein antibodies
what is the most common symptom of pregnancy
itching. this is typically caused by intrahepatic cholestatis of pregnancy. this is caused by elevated serum bile acids
T Cruzi causes what and how does it present
chagas disease. causes achalasia
what can reduce the risk of postpartum bleeding in C section
prophylactic antibiotic treatment
how do you treat late stage lyme
ceftrioaxone
what is the presentation of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
rapid onset hematuria, =HTN, proteinuria, red cell casts. biopsy shows hypercellularity with crescent formation innate least 50% of the glomeruli
what is the presentation of lichen sclerosis
widespread involving both sides of the vulva. skin is white and thin. sometimes called cigarette paper or parchment. tends top affect postmenopausal
what is the presentation of lichen planus
white and lacy with red lesions. itching burning and dysparunia copious vaginal discharge.
what should you think if you see a pregnant woman with acute hepatitis after traveling to an endemic area? and what is the outcome
think hepatitis A/E infection.
pregnant women are at increased risk for fulminant hepatitis
what are the mainstays of treatment for endometriosis
NSAIDs, OCP, and surgery.
in women that want pregnancy conservative surgery is the answer, since this is hindering their ability
what are the treatments for nephrogenic diabetes insidious
NSAIDs, thiazides, amiloride
what is the treatment for lithium induced NDI
amiloride as it blocks lithium entry into the sodium channel
what is the iron binding study for iron def anemia (TIBC, Ferritin, Iron, transferrin sat, MCV)
TIBC increased ferritin decreased iron decreased MCV decreased sat decreased
what is the iron binding study for thalassemia (TIBC, Ferritin, Iron, transferrin sat, MCV)
TIBC decreased ferritin increased iron increased MCV really decreased sat really increased
what is the iron binding study for anemia of chronic disease (TIBC, Ferritin, Iron, transferrin sat, MCV)
TIBC decreased ferritin normal/increased iron decreased MCV normal/decreased sat normal/decreased
what are the sulfa drugs
Popular FACTSSS probenecid furosemide acetazolamide celecoxib thiazides sulfonamide antibiotics sulfasalazine sulfonureas
the presentation of mycosis fungoides
long term rash that begins indolently and then spreads forming plaque like lesions that ulcerate
what is the treatment for larvae cutaneous migrans
thiabendazole or ivermectin or albendazole
