cardiovascular

Question 1

what can axis deviation on EKG be a sign o f

Answer 1

ventricular hypertrophy or bundle branch block

Question 2

what is the normal PR interval

Answer 2

120 and 200 msec

Question 3

what is the PR interval of an AV block

Answer 3

> 200msec. can also present as a P with no QRS afterward

Question 4

what is the measurement of a normal QRS interval

Answer 4

<120msec.

Question 5

what two conditions have widened QRS

Answer 5

left and right bundle Branch block

Question 6

measurement of a normal QTc

Answer 6

<440

Question 7

what does long QTc syndrome predispose to

Answer 7

ventricular arrhythmia

Question 8

what is the natural progression of acute ischemia

Answer 8

T wave inversion then progresses ST-segment changes (either depression or elevation). it then progresses to Q wavs ;

Question 9

what does a q wave indicate

Answer 9

previous ischemic events.

Question 10

what is JVD and what does it indicates

Answer 10

> 7cm above the sternal angle. this is indicative of volume overload stemming from conditions such as pulmonary hypertension or right heart failure.

Question 11

what is kussmaul sign and what does it indicate

Answer 11

increased jugular venous pressure with inspiration often seen in cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis.

Question 12

what are the systolic murmurs

Answer 12

aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral prolapse, flow murmur.

Question 13

what are the diastolic murmurs

Answer 13

aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis,.

Question 14

what does aortic stenosis sound like

Answer 14

harsh systolic murmur ejection that radiated to the carotids

Question 15

what does mitral regurgitation sound like

Answer 15

holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla

Question 16

what does a flow murmur sound like

Answer 16

soft murmur that is position dependent…this is very common and does not indicate cardiac disease.

Question 17

what does a mitral valve prolapse sound like

Answer 17

midsystolic or late systolic murmur with a preceding click

Question 18

what does aortic regurgitation sound like

Answer 18

an early decrescendo murmur

Question 19

what does mitral stenosis sound like

Answer 19

a mid to late low pitched murmur

Question 20

what is a common cause of an S3 gallop

Answer 20

fluid overload, like in pregnancy.

Question 21

what causes an S4 gallop

Answer 21

a sign of decreased compliance, hypertension, diastolic dysfunction. this can be pathological or normal in young athletes.

Question 22

what causes pulmonary edema.

Answer 22

left heart failure.

Question 23

what causes peripheral edema

Answer 23

right heart failure and biventricular failure. also caused by nephrotic syndrome, hepatic disease, lymphedema, hypoalbuminemia, drugs.

Question 24

what causes increase peripheral pulses

Answer 24

compensated aortic regurgitation, coarctation or patent ductus arteriosus

Question 25

what causes decreased peripheral pulses

Answer 25

peripheral vascular disease, late stage heart failure.