cardiovascular Flashcards
what can axis deviation on EKG be a sign o f
ventricular hypertrophy or bundle branch block
what is the normal PR interval
120 and 200 msec
what is the PR interval of an AV block
> 200msec. can also present as a P with no QRS afterward
what is the measurement of a normal QRS interval
<120msec.
what two conditions have widened QRS
left and right bundle Branch block
measurement of a normal QTc
<440
what does long QTc syndrome predispose to
ventricular arrhythmia
what is the natural progression of acute ischemia
T wave inversion then progresses ST-segment changes (either depression or elevation). it then progresses to Q wavs ;
what does a q wave indicate
previous ischemic events.
what is JVD and what does it indicates
> 7cm above the sternal angle. this is indicative of volume overload stemming from conditions such as pulmonary hypertension or right heart failure.
what is kussmaul sign and what does it indicate
increased jugular venous pressure with inspiration often seen in cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis.
what are the systolic murmurs
aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral prolapse, flow murmur.
what are the diastolic murmurs
aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis,.
what does aortic stenosis sound like
harsh systolic murmur ejection that radiated to the carotids
what does mitral regurgitation sound like
holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla
what does a flow murmur sound like
soft murmur that is position dependent…this is very common and does not indicate cardiac disease.
what does a mitral valve prolapse sound like
midsystolic or late systolic murmur with a preceding click
what does aortic regurgitation sound like
an early decrescendo murmur
what does mitral stenosis sound like
a mid to late low pitched murmur
what is a common cause of an S3 gallop
fluid overload, like in pregnancy.
what causes an S4 gallop
a sign of decreased compliance, hypertension, diastolic dysfunction. this can be pathological or normal in young athletes.
what causes pulmonary edema.
left heart failure.
what causes peripheral edema
right heart failure and biventricular failure. also caused by nephrotic syndrome, hepatic disease, lymphedema, hypoalbuminemia, drugs.
what causes increase peripheral pulses
compensated aortic regurgitation, coarctation or patent ductus arteriosus
what causes decreased peripheral pulses
peripheral vascular disease, late stage heart failure.
