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antiinfectives Flashcards

1
Q

what drug can we combine with penicillins to make them more effective

A

clavulanic acid which is a b-lactamase inhibitor.

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2
Q

what do we use penicillin for (which grams)

A

gram +/- and spirochetes.

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3
Q

what species is covered by penicillin

A

s. pneumonae, s. pyogenes, actinomyces,

N. meningitidis, and T. pallidum (syphilis).

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4
Q

what are the SE of the penicillins

A

hemolytic anemia and hypersensitivity

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5
Q

what are the aminopenicillins used for (amoxicillin, ampicillin)

A

wider spectrum. can cover E coli, H pylori, H flu, listeria proteus, salmonella, shigella, and enterococci

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6
Q

what are the SE of the aminopenicilins

A

hypersensitivity and rash, pseudomembranous colitis (c diff)

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7
Q

what is covered by the penicilinase-resistant penicillins (oxacillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin)

A

mostly used for staph aureus

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8
Q

what are piperacillin and Ticarcillin used for

A

antipseudomonals

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9
Q

what are the first generation cephalosporins used for

A

gram positive cocci such as H flu, enterobacter, klebsiella, and staph aureus PEcK

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10
Q

what are the first generation cephalosporins

A

cephazolin and cefalexin

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11
Q

what are the second generation cephalosporins

A

cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime.

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12
Q

what are the second generation used for

A

gram positive cocci such as H flu, enterobacter, neisseria spec, proteus, e coli, klebsiella. serratia HENPEcKS

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13
Q

what are the third gen cephalosporins

A

ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime

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14
Q

what are third gen cephalosporins used for

A

ceftriaxone is the most useful –minigitis gonorrhea, disseminated Lyme disease.
ceftazidime –pseudomonal

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15
Q

what are the fourth gen cephalosporins

A

cefepime

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16
Q

what are the fourth gen cephalosporins used for

A

gram negative organisms and pseudomonas.

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17
Q

what are the fifth generation cephalosporins

A

ceftaroline

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18
Q

what are the fifth gen cephalosporins used for

A

brand gram +/- coverage including MRSA. BUT NO PSEUDOMONAS.

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19
Q

what are the carbapenems

A

imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem and doripenem

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20
Q

In general what are the carbapenems used for

A

gram + cocci and gram negative rods and anaerobes. wide spectrum.

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21
Q

what are the risks of the carbapenems

A

seizures at high doses.

22
Q

what specifically are carbapenems used for

A

ertapenem can be intraabdominal infections community acquired. the rest can be used for community and hospital acquired intaabdominal infections. They have some antipseudomonal coverage as well.

complicated UTIs. e coli that is resistant to levofloxacin

pneumonia. merapenem and imipenem are first-line agents for late-onset HAP or when pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, or enterobactericeace are suspected. they are commonly used against CAP strep pneumonae, H flu.

23
Q

what are the contraindications for carbapenems

A

if prior reactions to beta-lactams and in people taking valproic acid.

24
Q

what is vancomycin used for

A

MRSA, C diff, strep. epidermidis

25
Q

what are the SE of vanc

A

ototoxic, nephrotoxic, thrombophlebitis. and reman syndrome.

26
Q

what are the aminoglycosides

A

gentimycin, neomycin, amikacin, streptomycin, tobramycin

27
Q

what are the aminos ineffective against

A

anaerobic

28
Q

do aminos kill bacteria

A

no.

29
Q

what are the aminos used for

A

severe gram negative rod infections. especially of the abdomen and urinary tract. aerobic infections. lung infections, blood infections (endocarditis), UTIs, kidney infections.
covers pseudomonas, klebsiella, proteus, Serratia, some Staphylococcus, E coli

30
Q

what are the SE of the aminos

A

nephrotoxic, ototoxic (especially when used in combination with loop diuretic), teratogenic,

31
Q

what is clindamycin used for

A

anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, and oral infections, also good coverage against group A strep. treats above the diaphragm
can use for clostridium prefringens and bacteriodes.

32
Q

what is linozelid used for

A

VRE and MRSA

33
Q

what are the macrolides

A

azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin

34
Q

what are the macrolides used for

A

atypical pneumonias, such as mycoplasma and chlamydia as well as legionella. STIs such as chlamydia and Bordetella pertusis. gram positive cocci as well, such as streptococcal infections in people with penicillin allergies

35
Q

what are the SE of the macrolides

A

gastro motility issues, arrythmyia due to QT prolongation. acute cholestatic hepatitis, rash, eosinophilia, p450 inhibition.

36
Q

what are the fluoroquinolone

A

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloaxacin, moxifloxacin etc

37
Q

what are the fluoroquinolone used for

A

gram negative rods of the urinary system and GI tract. including pseudomonas, Neisseria, and some gram positive organisms

38
Q

what is triple therapy for H pylori

A

clarithromycin, metronidazole, and PPI

39
Q

what is metronidazole used for

A

triple therapy for H pylori. gardenerella, entamoeba, trichinomonas, anaerobes like C diff and bactriodes.

40
Q

what are the SE of the fluoroquinolone

A

QT prolongation, Gi upset, tendonitis, skin rashes, headaches, myalgia.

41
Q

how to treat MRSA

A

vancomycin, linozelid, daptomycin, ceftaroline, tigecyclin

42
Q

how to treat VRE

A

linozeolid and streptogramins dalfopristin and quinupristin

43
Q

how to treat MDR pseudomonas

A

polymyxin B and E (colistin)

44
Q

what do you treat CMV with

A

ganciclovir/valganciclovir

45
Q

what is the treatment for HIV

A

HAART which is two NRTIs, and 1 NNRTIs or a protease inhibitor or integrase inhibitor

46
Q

what are the protease inhibitors

A

antyhgin that ends with navir

navir tease a protease. (never)

47
Q

what are the SE of the protease inhibitors

A

GI upset, hyperglycemia, nephropathy, hematuria, lipodystrophy.

48
Q

what are the NRTIs

A

zidovudine, tenofovir, stavudine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, didanosine, abacavir.

49
Q

what are the NNRTIs

A

delafviridine, efavirenz, nevirapine

50
Q

what are the inetrase inhibitors

A

raltegravir

51
Q

how do we treat Hep C

A

ribavirin, simeprevir, sofosbuvir. interferon alpha.

Medicine (14 decks)

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