Origins of Psychology Flashcards
two centeries
from what centery are the roots of psychology
17th and 19th
what`s psychology was known like
experimental philosophy
what approach created evalutionary theory
Biological (Darwin)
year and name of the first book
1873 by Wundt
‘Principles of Physiological Psychology’
year and place of the first Lab
1879 Leipzig Germany
what was Wundts` aim
to study the structure of humans mind
s….
his approach known as …
structuralism
what is his main approach
one word
Interspection
what are the 2 components that make up our inner world
sensation and feelings
what is interspection
systematic analysis by which we gain information about our conscious experience
how sensetions and feelings were examined in the lab by Wundt
stimuli+asked to reflect upon how they were perceiving it. this information then can be used to gian insight into the nature of mental process involved in perception or reaction time.
e.g. carefully controlled stimuli - listen to a tune and describe the inner process that was happening inside, what were they experiencing.
it made it possible to compare different reports and establish general theories
chosen participants were presented with …
what was the goal of Introspection
to make introspection as scientific as possible, observations were replicable and people trained to analyse to make it objective.
what is Empricism
knowledge comes fron experience and observation
Wundt new scientific approach was based on
based in two believes
- all behaviour is deternmined - it has a cause
- all behaviour is predictable
schientific methods refers to the methods that are
- Objective
- Systematic
- Replicable
- Empirical
what are the goals of science
- describe (what)
- explain (why)
- predict
- change
with what scinetific goals are achieved
- empiricle testing (1)
- theory construction (2)
- controlled cause and effect (3)
what are the strength of goals of scientific methods
- cause of behaviour is established through empiricle testing and replicable methods = being reliable
- knowledge from scientific method is more then just accepting the fact
it explains why the behaviour happens, what are the causes of it and how
what are the limitations of goals of scientific methods
- not all behaviour is observable - lowering degree of accuracy
- not all will agree that the best way to study it is by using scientific methods
strength
top 1
strength
his methods are systematic and controlled
point 1
strength - systematic and controled
all introspections were** recorded** in a highly controlled lab environmnet, to ensure that all the extraneous variables are controlled. Procedure is standaralised, so everyone receives the same stimuli, information, instruction.
tail 1
strength - systematic and controled
Wundt`s work is fundamental for all later scientific research like behaviourist approach
top 2
weekness
Wundt`s work id unreliable, as he is trying to observe ‘nonobservable’ response
point 2
weeknessc- non observable + comparing to other approach
- ppts descibed the way they perceived
- the process itself is unobservable
- approach has failed as it relys on one`s interpretation,
- **unreliable*
- introspective experimental results weren`t replicable nor reliable by other researches in labs
tail 2
weeknessc- non observable + comparing to other approach
in contrast the Behaviourist approach by Pavlov and Skinner - were already achieving reliable, replicable results that could be generalised nomothetically to create general laws and explain human behaviour
top 3
weekness by two researches
Nisbett and Wilson
-we know little about the causeof our beahviour and attitudes
point 3
weekness by two researches
-it is a problem if we studying implicit attitudes
-a racist person will have a different attitude to members of other ethinic group
-unlike a person who doesnt have the same view on ethnic groups and unconsciously is more inclusive
tail 3
weekness by two researches
such attitudes exist outside of our conscious awareness
therefore self report will not uncover them, as they are hidden for the person reporting too
this is a big chalange of introspective research and questions its ability to be the right approach to study psychology
top 4
strength - being used
Introspective research is still being used - doesnt matter the disadvantages
point 4
strength - being used
-Hunter and Csikszentmihalyi
-made happiness measurable through introspective research
- gave teens beepers that went off randonmly
- when it did - had to write thoughts and feelings
- overall were unhappy, but when focused on chn=allanging tasks were more happy
tail 4
strength - being used
introspective research ake it able to understand momentary conditions that affect happiness
it leads to the ability of improving life - gives reasins why and when teens were happy
therefore introspective research has a good real life application
