origins of philosophy and modern theories of evolution

Question 1

modern synthesis

Answer 1

merging genetics and Darwinian evolution.
genes

Question 2

microevolution

Answer 2

changes to genes within a species

Question 3

macroevolution

Answer 3

changes that result in a new species

Question 4

5 forces of evolution

Answer 4

mutation
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow (exchanging genetic material)
sexual selection (non-random mating; all others are random)

Question 5

mutation

Answer 5

genotypic mutations
phenotype as physiological expression of genetic sequence

Question 6

stabilizing selection (natural selection)

Answer 6

the average phenotype (not necessarily better) has an adaptive advantage over extreme phenotypic form

Question 7

directional selection (natural selection)

Answer 7

during certain conditions, one form of a phenotype is favoured at the expense of other forms

Question 8

diversifying selection (natural selection)

Answer 8

less common phenotypes are favoured at the expense of more frequent phenotypes

Question 9

species

Answer 9

collection of organisms with shared morphology, ecology, genome, reproduction, and behaviour

Question 10

speciation

Answer 10

how new species are formed
post-mating mechanisms

Question 11

biological species concept (ties to post-mating mechanisms)

Answer 11

animals who can produce viable and fertile offspring

Question 12

post-mating mechanisms

Answer 12

13:27

Question 13

reproductive isolation (pre-mating mechanisms)

Answer 13

animals who could breed cann’t anymore due to geographic barriers or activity patterns (i.e. day/night animals don’t cross)

Question 14

recognition species concept (pre-mating mechanisms)

Answer 14

species don’t mate due to different mating signals

Question 15

Genetic drift

Answer 15

events that reduce variation

Question 16

founder effect (genetic drift)

Answer 16

reproductive isolation - migrating populations will determine the genetic makeup of descendants

Question 17

genetic bottle neck (genetic drift)

Answer 17

reduction in population size (random i.e. war, genocide, natural disaster), so the new population will only inherit low genetic variety

Question 18

Gene flow

Answer 18

movement of traits between populations, increasing genetic variation

Question 19

Admixture (gene flow)

Answer 19

hybridization

Question 20

asymmetric gene flow

Answer 20

one way; i.e. males impregnate females of other species

Question 21

heterosis (genetic flow)

Answer 21

hybrid vigour, offspring inherit advantageous traits from both parents

Question 22

sexual selection

Answer 22

non-random
male competition for mates
female choice
generates secondary sex characteristics

Question 23

sexual dimorphism

Question 24

male competition for mates

Question 25

Aristotle promoted…
and proposed…

Answer 25

direct observation
great chain of being; fixity of species

Question 26

fixity of species (Aristotle)

Answer 26

things are as they have been created, no transformation

Question 27

Zhuang Zhou

Answer 27

idea of Tao: constant state of transformation

Question 28

Islamic Philosophy

Answer 28

transmutation. including from mineral to plant, plant to animal, animal from human.

Question 29

Al-Jahiz

Answer 29

documented zoological description and ecological habitats and animal behavior (in the book of animals)

Question 30

Ibn Khaldun

Answer 30

considered the earliest sociologist.
philosophized about human origin, writing that humans must have developed from the world of monkeys.

Question 31

christian philosphy

Answer 31

built upon Greek philosophies.
young earth + fixity of species = opposite to evolutionary thought

Question 32

Archbishop James Ussher

Answer 32

using the bible said he discovered the day that earth was created

Question 33

scientific revolution

Answer 33

christian philosophies being challenged. Exploration of the world, our place in it, human body

Question 34

geocentrism

Answer 34

earth is the center of the universe

Question 35

Copernicus

Answer 35

first to suggest Heliocentrism

Question 36

Heliocentrism

Answer 36

the sun is the center of the universe

Question 37

Galileo Galilei

Answer 37

promoted heliocentrism through a story. Arrested by catholic church

Question 38

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 38

founder of modern human anatomy. dissections illustrated by van Calcar