origins of philosophy and modern theories of evolution Flashcards
modern synthesis
merging genetics and Darwinian evolution.
genes
microevolution
changes to genes within a species
macroevolution
changes that result in a new species
5 forces of evolution
mutation
natural selection
genetic drift
gene flow (exchanging genetic material)
sexual selection (non-random mating; all others are random)
mutation
genotypic mutations
phenotype as physiological expression of genetic sequence
stabilizing selection (natural selection)
the average phenotype (not necessarily better) has an adaptive advantage over extreme phenotypic form
directional selection (natural selection)
during certain conditions, one form of a phenotype is favoured at the expense of other forms
diversifying selection (natural selection)
less common phenotypes are favoured at the expense of more frequent phenotypes
species
collection of organisms with shared morphology, ecology, genome, reproduction, and behaviour
speciation
how new species are formed
post-mating mechanisms
biological species concept (ties to post-mating mechanisms)
animals who can produce viable and fertile offspring
post-mating mechanisms
13:27
reproductive isolation (pre-mating mechanisms)
animals who could breed cann’t anymore due to geographic barriers or activity patterns (i.e. day/night animals don’t cross)
recognition species concept (pre-mating mechanisms)
species don’t mate due to different mating signals
Genetic drift
events that reduce variation
founder effect (genetic drift)
reproductive isolation - migrating populations will determine the genetic makeup of descendants
genetic bottle neck (genetic drift)
reduction in population size (random i.e. war, genocide, natural disaster), so the new population will only inherit low genetic variety
Gene flow
movement of traits between populations, increasing genetic variation
Admixture (gene flow)
hybridization
asymmetric gene flow
one way; i.e. males impregnate females of other species
heterosis (genetic flow)
hybrid vigour, offspring inherit advantageous traits from both parents
sexual selection
non-random
male competition for mates
female choice
generates secondary sex characteristics
sexual dimorphism
male competition for mates
Aristotle promoted…
and proposed…
direct observation
great chain of being; fixity of species
fixity of species (Aristotle)
things are as they have been created, no transformation
Zhuang Zhou
idea of Tao: constant state of transformation
Islamic Philosophy
transmutation. including from mineral to plant, plant to animal, animal from human.
Al-Jahiz
documented zoological description and ecological habitats and animal behavior (in the book of animals)
Ibn Khaldun
considered the earliest sociologist.
philosophized about human origin, writing that humans must have developed from the world of monkeys.
christian philosphy
built upon Greek philosophies.
young earth + fixity of species = opposite to evolutionary thought
Archbishop James Ussher
using the bible said he discovered the day that earth was created
scientific revolution
christian philosophies being challenged. Exploration of the world, our place in it, human body
geocentrism
earth is the center of the universe
Copernicus
first to suggest Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism
the sun is the center of the universe
Galileo Galilei
promoted heliocentrism through a story. Arrested by catholic church
Andreas Vesalius
founder of modern human anatomy. dissections illustrated by van Calcar
