genetics Flashcards
sides of spiral made of
sugar and phosphate
stripes of spiral made of
A&T (two prime ends) and G&C (three prime end; stronger bond)
centromere
where chromatins connects and divides
chromatid
single
chromosome
plural
double stranded chromosone
after replication
2 types of chromosones
autosomes
sex chromosomes
which cell have membrane-bound nucleus and
eukaryotic
chromatin
cell genetic material in resting state
DNA functions
replication
protein synthesis
genetic codes
isolated instructions
meiosis
replication of reproductive cells
mitosis
replication of somatic cells
elongation 12:00
mitosis
meiosis
nondisjunction
only 1 chromosome
trisomy
3 chromosomes
why is meiosis important for evolution
rapidly
provides variability for natural selection to act on
protein synthesis
protein from amino acids
RNA
RNA
different nucleotide; (U) will bind to A
3 types of RNA
messenger - nucleus
transfer - cytoplasm (set of 3 nucleotides)
ribosomal - ribosomes
steps in protein synthesis 12:25
1.
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
substitution error
a nucleotide is substituted, but the following ones aren’t altered
insertion error
extra nucleotide inserted, changing sequence after the insertion point (completely changing protein)
deletion error
a nucleotide is deleted, changing sequence after that
allele
code in a specific area (plural is genes)
regulatory genes
homeobox genes
ancient group of regulatory genes involved in determining patterns of anatomical development in utero (i.e. where limbs go); regulates gene expression and cell differentiation; phenotype
