class 1

Question 1

tenets of the scientific revolution

Answer 1

direct observation
challenging bias
expanding understanding of the world

Question 2

biological concept of species (John Ray)

Answer 2

animals are the same species if they produce viable offspring

Question 3

Ray’s taxonomy

Answer 3

Genus
Species

Question 4

who standardized Ray’s classification

Answer 4

Carolus Linnaeus (binomial nomenclature)

Question 5

Linnaeus

Answer 5

binomial nomenclature and added class and order to taxonomy

Question 6

binominal nomenclature

Answer 6

using genus and species to name animals

Question 7

comparative anatomy (comte de Buffon)

Answer 7

compared animals for differences in skeleton and physiology

Question 8

Center of origin

Answer 8

animals w similar features might be related, having common ancestor

Question 9

Comte de Buffon

Answer 9

comparative anatomy, center of origin, start of connection between animal form and environment

Question 10

Erasmus darwin

Answer 10

abolitionist; warm-blooded animals come from common ancestor

Question 11

use-disuse theory

Answer 11

used parts are improved and disused ones (discredited bc of this) extinguish

Question 12

Lamarck’s theory of evolution

Answer 12

the inheritance of acquired characteristics (use-disuse)

Question 13

Cuvier

Answer 13

father of paleontology
established idea of extinction
incorporated fossils into taxonomy
added Phylum to taxonomy

Question 14

Cuvier Catastrophism

Answer 14

large scale catastrophes caused mass extinctions, explaining the amount of fossils found
Cuvier was creationist - earth is young and created by god

Question 15

James Hutton

Answer 15

father of geology
start to question how old was the earth dues to uniformitarianism

Question 16

uniformitarianism

Answer 16

geologic forces (that take time to change earth) must happen in the same rate in past as in the present

Question 17

influencers of natural selection

Answer 17

Charles Lyell
Thomas Malthus

Question 18

Lyell

Answer 18

climate change
geologic time, deep time
pushing idea that the earth was old

Question 19

Malthus

Answer 19

food availability dictates population size
humans reproduce faster than the environment can produce food (leading to competition)

Question 20

Malthus’ principles of population

Answer 20

in each generation, more offsbring born and survived to adulthood
competition for resources
biological variation among individuals (becoming physiologically different in dif. individuals)

Question 21

Charles Darwin beginning

Answer 21

travelling and collecting natural history specimens
in Brazil, noticing differences in behaviour between slaves and colonizers
observing finches in Galapagos - physiological dif. based on what they eat
back from trip, observes artificial selection

Question 22

artificial selection

Answer 22

human decision

Question 23

Darwin’s transmutation

Answer 23

change of one species into another over time with natural selection

Question 24

Darwin’s biogeography

Answer 24

distributions of species through space and time

Question 25

Darwin’s adaptive radiation

Answer 25

many species emerge from common ancestor (like center of origin)

Question 26

Darwin’s natural selection

Answer 26

process of biological change in species through which adaptive radiation can occur. selection done by environment/biological diversity, where advantageous traits favour reproduction

Question 27

Wallace in Southeast Asia

Answer 27

noticing animals in specific boundaries and nowhere else

Question 27

Wallacea

Answer 27

ecological boundary

Question 28

on the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type (1858), Wallace

Answer 28

same thing as natural selection and adaptive variation.
influences darwin to post his book (1859) quickly

Question 29

differences between Darwin & Wallace

Answer 29

Darwin - competition (the pressure) between individuals of same species to survive and reproduce
Wallace - environmental pressures on species forcing them to become adapted to local environment

Question 30

natural selection

Answer 30

process where individuals with favourable variation survive & reproduce at higher rates than those with unfavourable traits

Question 31

8 key elements of natural selection

Answer 31

1. all species produce offspring at faster rate than food supply can increase
2. biological variation exists within all species
3. competition - more individuals are produced than can survive
4. those who survive competition reproduce and pass on
5. selective pressures - the environment will determine whether a trait is favourable
6. fitness - Individuals with favourable traits have a reproductive advantage
7. favourable variations accumulate over time;
8. speciation - trait variation and geographic isolation can lead to new species

Question 32

8 key elements of natural selection (compressed)