mendelian genetics etc

Question 1

polytypic

Answer 1

big range of genetic variations and phenotypic forms

Question 2

consequence of polytypic forms

Answer 2

more genetic variance within a population, less genetic diversity between populations

Question 3

codominance

Question 4

continuous traits

Answer 4

(polygenic) governed by two or more alleles, likely in dif. loci.
can be codominant

Question 5

examples of continuous traits

Answer 5

skin, hair, eye color; height; facial shape

Question 6

pleiotropic traits

Answer 6

one gene affects multiple unrelated traits

Question 7

principle of segregation

Question 8

principle of independent assortment

Question 9

principle of dominance

Question 10

heterozygous

Question 11

homozygous

Question 12

polygenic

Answer 12

multiple alleles influencing one phenotype

Question 13

autosomal dominant trait conditions

Answer 13

heterozygous;

Question 14

autosomal recessive trait conditions

Answer 14

homozygous;

Question 15

exogamous breeding

Answer 15

breeding outside of their population group; brings genetic diversity into population. gene flow

Question 16

endogamous breeding

Answer 16

populations that for the most part breed internally; decrease genetic variation. genetic drift

Question 17

epigenetics

Answer 17

doesn’t alter DNA sequence, but can alter how genes are expressed due to environmental/behavioural stressors

Question 18

evolutionary (phylogenetic) systematics

Answer 18

what traits we use to classify species

Question 19

ancestral traits

Answer 19

shared across populations/species through common distant ancestry

Question 20

homologies

Answer 20

ancestral traits

Question 21

derived traits

Answer 21

slight or significant modifications from ancestral forms, due to mutations

Question 22

cladistics

Answer 22

evolutionary base descent. Not focused on traits but on lines of descent.

Question 23

anagenesis

Answer 23

slow gradual change

Question 24

cladogenesis

Answer 24

quick and abrupt changes

Question 25

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 25

periods of rapid change followed by stasis

Question 26

allopatric speciation

Answer 26

species arise from geographical barriers, limiting gene flow

Question 27

parapatric speciation

Answer 27

species arise from partial genetic isolation, like hybrid zones

Question 28

sympatric speciation

Answer 28

environmental pressures favour phenotypes arising from reproductive isolation

Question 29

analogies

Answer 29

similarities based on common functions, with no common evolutionary descent