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Origin of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Balance/normal/average

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

simple to complex, unicellular, multicellular

A

Organization

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3
Q

sum total of all chemical reactions in the body

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

fit, survive, adjust, change

A

Adaptation

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5
Q

size, shape, complexity, quality and quantity

A

Growth and development

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6
Q

Irritability, Environment, reaction

A

Response to stimulus

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7
Q

proliferation of organisms, gametes, sex

A

Reproduction

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8
Q

Two types of transport of cell amterials

A

Passive and ACtive

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9
Q

Cell doesn’t use energy (no utilization of ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate);
- molecules move randomly;
- no need for oxygen; and
- molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. (It follows concentration gradient

A

Passive transport

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10
Q

It involves random movement of substances or molecules
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

A

Diffusion

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10
Q

the flow of materials, whether solvent or solute,
is from greater to lesser concentration

A

Concentration gradient

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11
Q

It is the movement of specific particles through
specific carrier proteins situated in the membrane. This also follows the
concentration gradient.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

It is the movement of water across membranes. Water moves
from high to low concentration

A

Osmosis

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13
Q

Cells use energy (with utilization of ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate); and
- Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an ares high
concentration (against the concentration gradient).

A

Active transport

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14
Q

It transport proteins that require energy to do work

A

Protein pumps

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15
Q

It is taking bulky substances into a cell

A

Endocytosis

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16
Q

It is the transport of large molecules

A

Bulk transport

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16
Q

It is taking bulky substances out of a cell.

A

Exocytosis

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17
Q

cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

Cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

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19
Q

A type of solution with
high concentration of
solute inside the cell, thus
water enters the cell

A

Hypotonic solution

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20
Q

A type of solution with
higher concentration of
solute outside the cell,
thus water leaves the cell.

A

Hypertonic solution

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21
Q

A type of solution where
the concentration of
solute outside the cell is
equal to that within the
cell, water moves equally
in both directions

A

Isotonic solution

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22
Q

Living organisms consist of one or more cells that are connected
to one another

A

Organization

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23
Q

It is the building block of matter

A

Atom

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24
Q

positively charged particles

A

Proton

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25
Q

no charge particle

A

Neutron

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26
Q

They are one-celled organisms. Ex. bacteria, protists like amoeba,
algae, etc.

A

Unicellular

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27
Q

These are organisms composed of many cells. Ex. all plants, all
animals, most fungi, and some protists

A

Multicellular

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28
Q

negatively charged
Ex. hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms

A

Electron particles

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29
Q

Two or more atoms joined in chemical
bonds. Ex. H2O, NaCL

A

Molecules/compound

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30
Q

Tiny organs of the cells that have
specific function.
* They are known as little organs.
* They are found inside the cell.
* Ex. ribosome, chloroplast
mitochondria

A

Organelles

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31
Q

They are the building blocks of life.
* All living organisms are made up of cell

A

Cells

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32
Q

When cells of the same structure and
function combine together

A

Tissues

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33
Q

It is made up of one layer of cells
- It is found in most glandular structures

A

Epithelial tissue

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34
Q

It is for support and
for connection

A

Connective tissue

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35
Q

It is for movement and locomotion.
- It gives shape to the body.

A

Muscular tissue

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36
Q

It is a liquid tissue

A

Vascular

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37
Q

It receives and transmits nerve impulses

A

Nervous tissue

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38
Q

These resemble branches
and are involved in the passage of
messages from other neurons to the cell
body.

A

Dendrites

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39
Q

Foundation of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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40
Q

A cell body, which
includes a nucleus, Golgi body,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and
other parts, is a part of every neuron

A

Cell body/Soma

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41
Q

Resembles a
tube, is a structure that transports
electrical impulses from a neuron’s cell
body to its axon terminals, which then
transmit the impulse to other neurons

A

Axon

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42
Q

It is for saltatory
conduction of nerve impulses.

A

Myelin sheaths

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43
Q

Axon endings that
make synaptic connection with another
neuron. neurotransmitters.

A

Axon terminals

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44
Q

It is the chemical connection
between a neuron’s terminal and its
neighbor’s dendrites

A

Synapse

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45
Q

translate information from the outside
world into comparable internal responses.
As a result of the sensory inputs, the
sensory neurons become active and
provide sensory data to the brain and
spinal cord. Their structure is
pseudounipolar

A

Sensory neurons

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46
Q

These are multipolar
and are situated in the central nervous
system, but they also have axons that
extend outside of it.

A

Motor neurons

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47
Q

Their structure is
multipolar. Only the neighboring sensory
and motor neurons are connected to via
their axons. They aid in the signal
transmission between two neurons

A

Interneurons

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48
Q

is created when a gap junction
connects two neurons. Ion channels that
aid in the direct transmission of a positive
electrical signal are present in these gaps.

A

Electrical synapses

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49
Q

Involve a space between two
neurons called the synapse through which
the action potential influences other
neurons

A

Chemical synapse

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50
Q

The release of these chemical messengers is triggered by the action potential, which
is conveyed through the axon to a
postsynaptic terminal.

A

Neurotransmitter

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51
Q

When tissues of the same structure and
function combine together

A

Organ

52
Q

When organs of the same structure and
function combine

A

Organ system

53
Q

Individual living things

A

Organism

54
Q

It is a group of the same species living in
the same area

A

Population

55
Q

Different populations living in the same
area

A

Community

56
Q

It is composed of living and non-living
things interacting with one another

A

Ecosystem

57
Q

It is a region that is divided into categories
based on the animals that call it home.
Scientists can identify a biome by defining
the temperature range, soil type, and
amounts of light and water that are
peculiar to that location and create niches
for various species

A

Biomes

58
Q

Entire planet is thought of as an
ecosystem

A

Biosphere

59
Q

It is a process of converting and releasing energy. It refers to the
chemical activities that are needed for life. Ingestion, digestion, respiration, and
excretion are the processes of

A

Metabolism

60
Q

It is the breakdown of large molecules. Examples are the digestion
of carbohydrates and cellular respiration

A

Catabolism

61
Q

It is the synthesis of larger molecules. Examples are the muscle
tissue growth, photosynthesis, and DNA replication

A

Anabolism

62
Q

It refers to the increase in size ог
dimension. in Quantitative
aspect of an organism.

A

Growth

63
Q

It refers to the increase in
complexity of function.
Qualitative aspect of an
organism.

A

Development

64
Q

large muscle and
movement

A

Gross motor

65
Q

small muscle,
intricate movement

A

Fine motor

66
Q

skin (epidermis), nails, hair, teeth, nervous system

A

Ectoderm

67
Q

kin (dermis), muscles, skeletons, gonads, circulatory system kidneys

A

Mesoderm

68
Q

middle ear, liver, gallbladder, lungs, pancreas, epithelial linin of GI
tract

A

Endoderm

69
Q

organism’s mechanism to be better fit and to survive the conditions of
their environment.

A

Adaptation

70
Q

Resemblance between an organism and another object or species

A

Mimicry

71
Q

Harmless mimics harmful

A

Batesian mimicry

72
Q

Harmful mimics another
harmful

A

Mullerian mimicry

73
Q

Predators or parasites
share some of the
characteristics of a
harmless species

A

Aggressive mimicry

74
Q

It is a change over time. It is responsible for variation and biodiversity. and
believes that closely related organisms share common ancestry Biodiversity variation
of living organisms

A

Evolution

75
Q

refers to the movement of organisms in response to specific colors. Some insects, like bees, are attracted to flowers with specific colors,
exhibiting positive __ towards those colors

A

Chromotaxis

76
Q

The growth or movement of organisms in response to light of a
particular color. For example, certain plants may exhibit this by showing
differential growth patterns in response to specific wavelengths of light

A

Chromotropism

77
Q

Rheotaxis is the movement of organisms in response to water currents.
Fish, such as salmon, exhibit rheotaxis by swimming against water currents during
migration.

A

Rheotaxis

78
Q

The growth or movement of organisms in response to the flow of water.
For instance, certain algae exhibit rheotropism by aligning themselves perpendicular
to the flow of water to maximize nutrient uptake

A

Rheotropisim

79
Q

The growth or movement of organisms in response to electrical
currents. An example is the regeneration of damaged nerves, where nerve cells extend
their processes along the path of an electric field.

A

Galvanotropism

80
Q

Galvanotaxis is the movement of cells or organisms in response to
electric fields. One example is the movement of certain types of cells, like fibroblasts,
towards the site of injury during wound healing,

A

Galvanotaxis

81
Q

Cryotaxis refers to the movement of organisms in response to cold
temperatures. For example, some insects move towards warmer areas when
temperatures drop to avoid freezing

A

Cryotaxis

82
Q

The growth or movement of organisms in response to cold temperatures. Arctic plants, like certain mosses, exhibit this by growing low
to the ground to avoid exposure to harsh winds and low temperatures

A

Cryotropism

83
Q

Is the movement of organisms in response to water gradients.
For instance, single-celled organisms like amoebas move towards regions of higher
moisture content in their environment

A

Hydrotaxis

84
Q

The growth or movement of plants in response to water. For example,
roots grow towards moist areas in the soil where water is abundant

A

hydrotropism

85
Q

is the movement of cells or organisms in response to
chemical gradients. An example is the movement of white blood cells towards areas
of infection in the body in response to chemical signals released by pathogens

A

Chemotaxis

86
Q

The growth or movement of an organism in response to chemical
stimuli. Fungi, such as those in the genus Phycomyces, exhibit chemotropism by
growing towards nutrient sources such as sugars.

A

Chemotropism

87
Q

is the movement of organisms in response to touch or
contact with a solid surface. An example is the movement of snails, which retract
into their shells in response to tactile stimulation

A

Thigmotaxis

88
Q

The growth response of plants to touch or mechanical stimulation.
One example is the curling of tendrils around a support structure like a pole or trellis
in climbing plants

A

Thigmotropism

89
Q

refers to the movement of an organism in response to gravity. For
example, many aquatic organisms, like fish, exhibit geotaxis by swimming either
upwards or downwards in water columns in response to gravity

A

Geotaxis

90
Q

The growth or movement of plants in response to gravity. An example is
the roots of plants growing downwards into the soil

A

Geotropism

91
Q

Phototaxis is the movement of organisms in response to light. For
instance, many insects are positively phototactic, meaning they are attracted to light
sources such as lamps or flames

A

Phototaxis

92
Q

The bending of plant stems towards a light source. For example,
sunflowers exhibit phototropism by turning their heads to face the sun as it moves
across the sky during the day

A

Phototropism

93
Q

Directional responses of animals towards (+) or away (-) the
stimulus.

A

Taxis

94
Q

Plant growth responses towards (+) the stimulus or away (-) from
stimulus

A

Tropism

95
Q

It is the reaction of the organisms in response to the
stimulus/stimuli

A

Response

96
Q

These are changes in the environment that cause organisms to
react

A

Stimuli

97
Q

It is the ability to respond

A

Response to stimuli/Irritability stimulus

98
Q

The evolution of new species is termed

A

Speciation

99
Q

It takes place when a part of the population becomes
geographically separated (geographical isolation) from the parental population

A

Allopatric speciation

100
Q

Sometimes, a genetic barrier prevents reproduction
between a section of a population of a species with other members. Such a section
of population usually arises in plants because of polyploidy

A

Sympatric speciation

101
Q

Two species are unable to mate as they live in geographically
different areas

A

Ecological isolation

102
Q

Mating is prevented because the reproductive organs mature
at different times

A

Seasonal isolation

103
Q

The songs in birds of two species of the
coloration isolation of two fishes are so different that the female of one species is able
to recognize only the male of its own

A

Ethological isolation

104
Q

The male and female organs for mating in different species
and prevent their union

A

Mechanical isolation

105
Q

The sperms of one species are not able to survive in the
female tract of the other

A

Physiological isolation

106
Q

Mule, the offspring of female horse and male donkey is a good
example. It leads a normal life but is sterile and cannot reproduce

A

Hybrid sterility

107
Q

This describes a population in which genetic
variations remain constant due to the absence of disturbances

A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

108
Q

It is simply a rearrangement of genes
This process naturally occurs during
the crossing over stage in meiosis,
where there is an exchange of DNA
between homologous chromosomes

A

Recombination

109
Q

It is the modification of a gene’s
structure brought on by changes made
to an organism’s DNA sequence.

A

Mutation

110
Q

llele frequencies of population change
over generations due to chance

A

Genetic drift

111
Q

It occurs when a
sudden sharp decline in the population

A

Bottleneck effect

112
Q

There is a loss of
genetic variation due to migration of a
small subgroup in the population

A

Founder effect

113
Q

It is the method by which creatures
change to fit their surroundings. It is the
force behind evolution

A

Natural selection

114
Q

Are
structures that exist in
organisms that have no known
function which are believed to be
remaining parts from the
ancestor

A

Vestigial structures

115
Q

are
structures that perform the same
function but have emerged from
different origins

A

Analogous structures

116
Q

are physical structures shared by
different organisms such as a set
of bones or body form that may
have been inherited from a
common ancestor, although it
may appear different and have
varied functions. These
structures are believed to have
the same origin but function
differently.

A

Homologous structures

117
Q

Contributed Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics, theory of use and disuse, theory of need, and coined the term “biology”

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829

118
Q

Contributed Catastrophism

A

George Cuvier 1769-1832

119
Q

Contributed an Essay on the Principle of
Population. He predicted that as
the population continued to
increase, resources would become
insufficient. Charles Darwin used
the book as a source when he was
coming up with his theory of
natural selection

A

Thomas maltus 1766-1834

120
Q

Contributed Theory of gradualism

A

James Hutton 1726-1797

121
Q

Contributed Uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell 1797-1875

122
Q

Contributed Natural Selection - The process
through which populations of
living organisms adapt and
change.
* “On the Origin of Species”

A

Charles Darwin 1809-1882

123
Q

Contributed Systema Naturae (Systems of
Nature) and Binomial nomenclature.

A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

124
Q

A trait developed
by the parent throughout the
Page 10 of 17
course of its lifetime will be
passed on to the offspring.

A

Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

125
Q

continued use of an organism
strengthens it, and continued
disuse weakens it until it
disappears

A

Theory of use and disuse

126
Q

production of new
organism arises from the need of
it

A

Theory of need

127
Q

A viewpoint that
asserts that sudden, global
cataclysmic catastrophes are
what caused the earth’s geological
features

A

Catatrophism

128
Q

The earth’s
geological features are formed by
slow changes

A

Theory of gradualism

129
Q
  • The
    geological processes that are
    being witnessed today are the
    same as those that took place in
    the past
A

Uniformitarianism

130
Q

a system for categorizing
both plants and animals. He
created the two-name
classification system and
standardized the nomenclature
for genus and species

A

Binomial nonclemature

Biology (11 decks)

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