Origin of Life Flashcards
Balance/normal/average
Homeostasis
simple to complex, unicellular, multicellular
Organization
sum total of all chemical reactions in the body
Metabolism
fit, survive, adjust, change
Adaptation
size, shape, complexity, quality and quantity
Growth and development
Irritability, Environment, reaction
Response to stimulus
proliferation of organisms, gametes, sex
Reproduction
Two types of transport of cell amterials
Passive and ACtive
Cell doesn’t use energy (no utilization of ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate);
- molecules move randomly;
- no need for oxygen; and
- molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. (It follows concentration gradient
Passive transport
It involves random movement of substances or molecules
from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion
the flow of materials, whether solvent or solute,
is from greater to lesser concentration
Concentration gradient
It is the movement of specific particles through
specific carrier proteins situated in the membrane. This also follows the
concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion
It is the movement of water across membranes. Water moves
from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Cells use energy (with utilization of ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate); and
- Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an ares high
concentration (against the concentration gradient).
Active transport
It transport proteins that require energy to do work
Protein pumps
It is taking bulky substances into a cell
Endocytosis
It is the transport of large molecules
Bulk transport
It is taking bulky substances out of a cell.
Exocytosis
cell eating
Phagocytosis
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
A type of solution with
high concentration of
solute inside the cell, thus
water enters the cell
Hypotonic solution
A type of solution with
higher concentration of
solute outside the cell,
thus water leaves the cell.
Hypertonic solution
A type of solution where
the concentration of
solute outside the cell is
equal to that within the
cell, water moves equally
in both directions
Isotonic solution
Living organisms consist of one or more cells that are connected
to one another
Organization
It is the building block of matter
Atom
positively charged particles
Proton
no charge particle
Neutron
They are one-celled organisms. Ex. bacteria, protists like amoeba,
algae, etc.
Unicellular
These are organisms composed of many cells. Ex. all plants, all
animals, most fungi, and some protists
Multicellular
negatively charged
Ex. hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms
Electron particles
Two or more atoms joined in chemical
bonds. Ex. H2O, NaCL
Molecules/compound
Tiny organs of the cells that have
specific function.
* They are known as little organs.
* They are found inside the cell.
* Ex. ribosome, chloroplast
mitochondria
Organelles
They are the building blocks of life.
* All living organisms are made up of cell
Cells
When cells of the same structure and
function combine together
Tissues
It is made up of one layer of cells
- It is found in most glandular structures
Epithelial tissue
It is for support and
for connection
Connective tissue
It is for movement and locomotion.
- It gives shape to the body.
Muscular tissue
It is a liquid tissue
Vascular
It receives and transmits nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
These resemble branches
and are involved in the passage of
messages from other neurons to the cell
body.
Dendrites
Foundation of the nervous system
Neurons
A cell body, which
includes a nucleus, Golgi body,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and
other parts, is a part of every neuron
Cell body/Soma
Resembles a
tube, is a structure that transports
electrical impulses from a neuron’s cell
body to its axon terminals, which then
transmit the impulse to other neurons
Axon
It is for saltatory
conduction of nerve impulses.
Myelin sheaths
Axon endings that
make synaptic connection with another
neuron. neurotransmitters.
Axon terminals
It is the chemical connection
between a neuron’s terminal and its
neighbor’s dendrites
Synapse
translate information from the outside
world into comparable internal responses.
As a result of the sensory inputs, the
sensory neurons become active and
provide sensory data to the brain and
spinal cord. Their structure is
pseudounipolar
Sensory neurons
These are multipolar
and are situated in the central nervous
system, but they also have axons that
extend outside of it.
Motor neurons
Their structure is
multipolar. Only the neighboring sensory
and motor neurons are connected to via
their axons. They aid in the signal
transmission between two neurons
Interneurons
is created when a gap junction
connects two neurons. Ion channels that
aid in the direct transmission of a positive
electrical signal are present in these gaps.
Electrical synapses
Involve a space between two
neurons called the synapse through which
the action potential influences other
neurons
Chemical synapse
The release of these chemical messengers is triggered by the action potential, which
is conveyed through the axon to a
postsynaptic terminal.
Neurotransmitter
When tissues of the same structure and
function combine together
Organ
When organs of the same structure and
function combine
Organ system
Individual living things
Organism
It is a group of the same species living in
the same area
Population
Different populations living in the same
area
Community
It is composed of living and non-living
things interacting with one another
Ecosystem
It is a region that is divided into categories
based on the animals that call it home.
Scientists can identify a biome by defining
the temperature range, soil type, and
amounts of light and water that are
peculiar to that location and create niches
for various species
Biomes
Entire planet is thought of as an
ecosystem
Biosphere
It is a process of converting and releasing energy. It refers to the
chemical activities that are needed for life. Ingestion, digestion, respiration, and
excretion are the processes of
Metabolism
It is the breakdown of large molecules. Examples are the digestion
of carbohydrates and cellular respiration
Catabolism
It is the synthesis of larger molecules. Examples are the muscle
tissue growth, photosynthesis, and DNA replication
Anabolism
It refers to the increase in size ог
dimension. in Quantitative
aspect of an organism.
Growth
It refers to the increase in
complexity of function.
Qualitative aspect of an
organism.
Development
large muscle and
movement
Gross motor
small muscle,
intricate movement
Fine motor
skin (epidermis), nails, hair, teeth, nervous system
Ectoderm
kin (dermis), muscles, skeletons, gonads, circulatory system kidneys
Mesoderm
middle ear, liver, gallbladder, lungs, pancreas, epithelial linin of GI
tract
Endoderm
organism’s mechanism to be better fit and to survive the conditions of
their environment.
Adaptation
Resemblance between an organism and another object or species
Mimicry
Harmless mimics harmful
Batesian mimicry
Harmful mimics another
harmful
Mullerian mimicry
Predators or parasites
share some of the
characteristics of a
harmless species
Aggressive mimicry
It is a change over time. It is responsible for variation and biodiversity. and
believes that closely related organisms share common ancestry Biodiversity variation
of living organisms
Evolution
refers to the movement of organisms in response to specific colors. Some insects, like bees, are attracted to flowers with specific colors,
exhibiting positive __ towards those colors
Chromotaxis
The growth or movement of organisms in response to light of a
particular color. For example, certain plants may exhibit this by showing
differential growth patterns in response to specific wavelengths of light
Chromotropism
Rheotaxis is the movement of organisms in response to water currents.
Fish, such as salmon, exhibit rheotaxis by swimming against water currents during
migration.
Rheotaxis
The growth or movement of organisms in response to the flow of water.
For instance, certain algae exhibit rheotropism by aligning themselves perpendicular
to the flow of water to maximize nutrient uptake
Rheotropisim
The growth or movement of organisms in response to electrical
currents. An example is the regeneration of damaged nerves, where nerve cells extend
their processes along the path of an electric field.
Galvanotropism
Galvanotaxis is the movement of cells or organisms in response to
electric fields. One example is the movement of certain types of cells, like fibroblasts,
towards the site of injury during wound healing,
Galvanotaxis
Cryotaxis refers to the movement of organisms in response to cold
temperatures. For example, some insects move towards warmer areas when
temperatures drop to avoid freezing
Cryotaxis
The growth or movement of organisms in response to cold temperatures. Arctic plants, like certain mosses, exhibit this by growing low
to the ground to avoid exposure to harsh winds and low temperatures
Cryotropism
Is the movement of organisms in response to water gradients.
For instance, single-celled organisms like amoebas move towards regions of higher
moisture content in their environment
Hydrotaxis
The growth or movement of plants in response to water. For example,
roots grow towards moist areas in the soil where water is abundant
hydrotropism
is the movement of cells or organisms in response to
chemical gradients. An example is the movement of white blood cells towards areas
of infection in the body in response to chemical signals released by pathogens
Chemotaxis
The growth or movement of an organism in response to chemical
stimuli. Fungi, such as those in the genus Phycomyces, exhibit chemotropism by
growing towards nutrient sources such as sugars.
Chemotropism
is the movement of organisms in response to touch or
contact with a solid surface. An example is the movement of snails, which retract
into their shells in response to tactile stimulation
Thigmotaxis
The growth response of plants to touch or mechanical stimulation.
One example is the curling of tendrils around a support structure like a pole or trellis
in climbing plants
Thigmotropism
refers to the movement of an organism in response to gravity. For
example, many aquatic organisms, like fish, exhibit geotaxis by swimming either
upwards or downwards in water columns in response to gravity
Geotaxis
The growth or movement of plants in response to gravity. An example is
the roots of plants growing downwards into the soil
Geotropism
Phototaxis is the movement of organisms in response to light. For
instance, many insects are positively phototactic, meaning they are attracted to light
sources such as lamps or flames
Phototaxis
The bending of plant stems towards a light source. For example,
sunflowers exhibit phototropism by turning their heads to face the sun as it moves
across the sky during the day
Phototropism
Directional responses of animals towards (+) or away (-) the
stimulus.
Taxis
Plant growth responses towards (+) the stimulus or away (-) from
stimulus
Tropism
It is the reaction of the organisms in response to the
stimulus/stimuli
Response
These are changes in the environment that cause organisms to
react
Stimuli
It is the ability to respond
Response to stimuli/Irritability stimulus
The evolution of new species is termed
Speciation
It takes place when a part of the population becomes
geographically separated (geographical isolation) from the parental population
Allopatric speciation
Sometimes, a genetic barrier prevents reproduction
between a section of a population of a species with other members. Such a section
of population usually arises in plants because of polyploidy
Sympatric speciation
Two species are unable to mate as they live in geographically
different areas
Ecological isolation
Mating is prevented because the reproductive organs mature
at different times
Seasonal isolation
The songs in birds of two species of the
coloration isolation of two fishes are so different that the female of one species is able
to recognize only the male of its own
Ethological isolation
The male and female organs for mating in different species
and prevent their union
Mechanical isolation
The sperms of one species are not able to survive in the
female tract of the other
Physiological isolation
Mule, the offspring of female horse and male donkey is a good
example. It leads a normal life but is sterile and cannot reproduce
Hybrid sterility
This describes a population in which genetic
variations remain constant due to the absence of disturbances
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
It is simply a rearrangement of genes
This process naturally occurs during
the crossing over stage in meiosis,
where there is an exchange of DNA
between homologous chromosomes
Recombination
It is the modification of a gene’s
structure brought on by changes made
to an organism’s DNA sequence.
Mutation
llele frequencies of population change
over generations due to chance
Genetic drift
It occurs when a
sudden sharp decline in the population
Bottleneck effect
There is a loss of
genetic variation due to migration of a
small subgroup in the population
Founder effect
It is the method by which creatures
change to fit their surroundings. It is the
force behind evolution
Natural selection
Are
structures that exist in
organisms that have no known
function which are believed to be
remaining parts from the
ancestor
Vestigial structures
are
structures that perform the same
function but have emerged from
different origins
Analogous structures
are physical structures shared by
different organisms such as a set
of bones or body form that may
have been inherited from a
common ancestor, although it
may appear different and have
varied functions. These
structures are believed to have
the same origin but function
differently.
Homologous structures
Contributed Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics, theory of use and disuse, theory of need, and coined the term “biology”
Jean Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829
Contributed Catastrophism
George Cuvier 1769-1832
Contributed an Essay on the Principle of
Population. He predicted that as
the population continued to
increase, resources would become
insufficient. Charles Darwin used
the book as a source when he was
coming up with his theory of
natural selection
Thomas maltus 1766-1834
Contributed Theory of gradualism
James Hutton 1726-1797
Contributed Uniformitarianism
Charles Lyell 1797-1875
Contributed Natural Selection - The process
through which populations of
living organisms adapt and
change.
* “On the Origin of Species”
Charles Darwin 1809-1882
Contributed Systema Naturae (Systems of
Nature) and Binomial nomenclature.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
A trait developed
by the parent throughout the
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course of its lifetime will be
passed on to the offspring.
Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
continued use of an organism
strengthens it, and continued
disuse weakens it until it
disappears
Theory of use and disuse
production of new
organism arises from the need of
it
Theory of need
A viewpoint that
asserts that sudden, global
cataclysmic catastrophes are
what caused the earth’s geological
features
Catatrophism
The earth’s
geological features are formed by
slow changes
Theory of gradualism
- The
geological processes that are
being witnessed today are the
same as those that took place in
the past
Uniformitarianism
a system for categorizing
both plants and animals. He
created the two-name
classification system and
standardized the nomenclature
for genus and species
Binomial nonclemature
