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Biology > Cell and Molecular biology > Flashcards

Cell and Molecular biology Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- New cells come from pre-existing cells; lifeforms today have descended
in unbroken continuity from the first primitive cells that arose on
earth more than 3.5 billion years ago.
- Hereditary information passed from parent cell to daughter cells.
- The fundamental biochemical reactions of life take place within cells

A

Modern cell theory

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2
Q

These are the basic unit of life.

A

Cells

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3
Q
  • It is the scientific study of cells, its structure and functions
A

Cytology

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4
Q

“Father of Cytology”

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

It refers to all body cells
except sex cells. Ex. Nerve
cell, muscle cell
* It contains a Diploid (2n)
number of chromosomes.
* It undergoes mitosis.

A

Somatic cell

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6
Q

The sperm cell of the male
and the egg cell of the female
* Contains haploid (n) number
of chromosomes
* Undergo meiosis

A

Sex cells (gametes)

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7
Q

It has nuclear material in the center
of the cell, but is not enclosed by a
nuclear membrane; no membranebound organelles; found in bacteria
and blue-green bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cell

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8
Q

It contains a clearly defined nucleus
enclosed by a nuclear membrane
and membrane-bound organelles;
found in plants, animals, fungi, and
protists.

A

Eukaryotic cell

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9
Q

Outer layer of plant cells; produced
by the cytoplasm; gives shape and
rigidity to the cell; cellulose the
basic constituent.

A

Cell wall

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10
Q

Green (contain chlorophy II) sites of
photosynthesis in thylakoid
membranes, amino acid and fatty
acid synthesis

A

Chloroplast

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11
Q

In non-dividing cells, threads of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) plus
associated proteins (histones) that
are attached to sites on the nuclear
envelope; condenses into a compact
mass when cells divide, forming
chromosomes that carry the genes

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

Living cellular material exclusive of
the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Matrix of protein fibers that gives
support and on which organelles,
enzymes, macromolecules are
attached; composed of two kinds of
protein filaments with similar
functions

A

Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Liquid portion of the cytoplasm in
which cellular structures are
suspended; also called the
cytoplasmic matrix.

A

Cytosol

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15
Q

An extensive membranous system of
flattened sacs (cisternae) (ER) that
extends throughout the cytoplasm
as a communication and transport
system

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

is covered with
ribosomes and delivers proteins:
smooth; Cisternal

A

Rough ER

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17
Q

lacks ribosomes,
synthesizes lipids; tubular

A

Smooth ER

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18
Q

extensions of cytoplasm enclosed by
the plasma membrane that project
from the cell wall; made of two
microtubules surrounded by nine
others (9+2 structure)

A

Flagella and Cillia

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19
Q

Collection of Golgi bodies
(dictyosomes) that are stacks of
flattened cisternae associated with
secretion: some synthesize and
export polysaccharides; others
handle glycoproteins

A

Golgi complex

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20
Q

sites of
aerobic respiration and release of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP);
similar to like plastids in being
semiautonomous and containing
DNA and ribosomes; also reproduce
by fission; inner membrane with
many folds or cristae

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

Pair of fused membranes around
the nucleus; connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum; contains
pores through which the
nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
connect

A

Nuclear envelope

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22
Q

Structure that contains the genetic
information (DNA) in eukaryotic
cells; controls cellular activities.

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

Outer boundary of the cytoplasm; a
lipid bilayer with embedded
proteins; differentially permeable
and regulates movement of
materials into and out of cells;
coordinates synthesis of cell wall;
recognizes and transmits internal
and external chemical signals

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

Strands of cytoplasm that connect
adjacent cells are pathways for
material movement.

A

Plasmodesmata

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25
Q

Semiautonomous, contain DNA and
ribosomes and reproduce by fission;
have an elaborate internal
structure; in algae and plants

A

Plastids

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26
Q

First wall deposited by actively
growing and dividing cells

A

Primary wall

27
Q

Sites of protein assembly in the
cytoplasm or on the rough ER: are
small (17-23 m) particles assembled
from a large and a small subunit
produced in the nucleolus

A

Robosome

28
Q

at sites of active
synthesis clusters of ribosome

A

Polysome

29
Q

Deposited inside primary wall after
cell has stopped growing;

A

Secondary wall

30
Q

Sac of liquid, the cell sap,
surrounded by a membrane, the
tonoplast

A

Vacuoles

31
Q

Small sacs of secretory material
pinched off from the cisternae

A

Vesicles

32
Q

move
from the Golgi complex to the
plasma membrane (with the
assistance of actin filaments) and
liberate their contents outside of the
cell

A

Exocytosis

33
Q

is the longest part of the cell cycle. Interphase has
stages:
G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

A

Interphase

34
Q

cells become bigger in size, duplicates organelles.

A

G1 phase

35
Q

DNA synthesis

A

S phase

36
Q

resting phase of the cell; neither dividing nor preparing

A

G0

36
Q

reorganizes cell’s organelles and condensation of DNA

A

G 2 phase

37
Q

It is the process of copying and dividing the entire cell

A

Cell division

37
Q

binary fission (bacteria and fungi), mitosis, and
meiosis

A

3 types od cell division

38
Q

division of nucleus of the cell. It is known as equational division

A

Mitosis

39
Q

Duplicated chromosomes and spindle fibers appear.

A

Prophase

40
Q

Duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in the
center of the cell between spindle fibers.

A

Metaphase

41
Q

Duplicated chromosomes pulled to the opposite pole
end of the dividing cell.

A

Anaphase

41
Q

Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes at each
end of the cell, spindle fibers disappear; chromosomes disperse

A

Telophase

42
Q

division of plasma membrane; two daughter cells result
with exact genetic information

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

Two daughter cells (somatic)
* Same number of chromosomes as original cell (humans have 46)

A

Results of mitosis

44
Q

produces cells containing half number of double
stranded chromosomes

A

First meiosis division

45
Q

results in formation of four cells. Each cell with
half the number of single stranded chromosomes (haploid).

A

Second meiosis division

46
Q

it is the process of creating sperm cell

A

Spermatogenesis

47
Q
  • Each primary egg cell develops into one large haploid cell and
    three smaller haploid cells called polar bodies
A

Oogenesis

48
Q

states that DNA contains instructions
for making a protein, which are copied by RNA. Apparently, DNA to
RNA to Protein.

A

Central dogma of molecular biology

49
Q

. Phosphate group
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous base

A

Parts of nucleotide

50
Q
  • It is messenger RNA, the main copy of DNA. DNA must be
    copied to mRNA because DNA is a large molecule that cannot pass
    through the pores of a nuclear envelope
A

mRNA

51
Q

It is ribosomal RNA, the main constituent of ribosomes produced
in the nucleolus.

A

rRNA

52
Q

-It is transfer RNA. It is a type of RNA that contains anticodon
which reads the codon from mRNA

A

tRNA

53
Q

It is a three consecutive nitrogen base that can be found in
mRNA. Each codon has a corresponding amino acid. There are 20
naturally occurring amino acids.

A

Codon

54
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that associates with the
equivalent mRNA sequence.

A

Anticodon

55
Q

can form body structures, enzymes, for immunity and among
others

A

Proteins

56
Q
  • DNA is replicated or duplicated. DNA replication is said
    to be semi-conservative.
A

Replication

57
Q

DNA is transcribed to mRNA through different
enzymes. We use the DNA strand as a template in making a strand of
mRNA.

A

Transcription

58
Q

from mRNA to protein

A

Translation

59
Q

AUG (Methionine)

A

Start codon

60
Q

UAG, UGA, UAA

A

Stop codon

Biology (11 decks)

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