Genetics Flashcards
It is an alternative form of genes. Different “flavors” of a gene (e.g.
there’s human gene for “eye color”, and it has alleles that code for “brown”
or, “blue”
Allele
It is known as the controlling allele; designated with a capital
letter. Ex. AA, BB
Dominant
Chromosome 1- 22. These are the
chromosomes contained in each body / somatic cell.
Autosomal chromosome
has two copies of every gene, one
from the mother and one from the father.
A normal diploid organism
- It is half set of a chromosome
Chromatid
- It refers to the branch of biology that uses living organisms
to manufacture products or technology for the improvement of quality of
human life.
Biotechnology
- It is a relaxed state of chromosome with protein Histone.
Chromatin
- It is a strand of DNA and protein inside the cell nucleus.
Chromosome
It is a cross involving two traits.
Dihybrid
- It is the basic unit of heredity. It carries instructions responsible for
expression of traits; a pair of inherited genes controls a trait; one member
of the pair comes from each parent; often called alleles.
Alleles
It is the branch of biology that deals with heredity
Genetics
It is the genetic make-up of an organism (represented by the
letters). Ex. AA or Aa
Genotype
He experimented with sweet pea plants in the 1800s
leading to the formulation of hereditary concepts.
Gregor mendel
Two alleles of a pair are different (Bb); often called “hybrid
Heterozygous
It happens in Meiosis I. A complete set of
chromosomes is doubled.
Homologous chromosome
Two alleles of a pair are identical (BB or bb)
Homozygous
It is a chart of metaphase chromosome pairs to study
chromosome number and diseases.
Karyotype
It is the physical location of a gene on the chromosome
Locus
It is a graphic organizer to map genetic traits between
generations
Pedigree
- It is a cross involving one trait.
Monohybrid
- It is the physical appearance of an organism (description of
letters)
Phenotype
Many characteristics result from a separate gene
that vary along a continuum.
Polygenic inheritance
It is known as a hidden allele; designated with lower-case
letters. Ex. aa, bb, cc, Aa (small letter “a” is recessive. “A” is dominant).
Recessive
It is a graphic organizer used to show the probable resul
a genetic cross
Punnett square
- It is known as chromosome 23. Chromosome XX is
female and Chromosome XY is male. (The father is the determinant of the
offspring’s
Sex chromosome
Traits carried on the X chromosomes.
Sex linked genes
This refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere
Sister chromatid
- Mating an individual of unknown genotype with an individual
of known genotype; can help to determine the unknown genotype of the
parent .
Test cross
Characteristic an individual receives from its parents.
Trait
Mendelian laws of genetics
Law of: segregation, independent assortment, dominance
This law states that the
dominant allele will prevent the
recessive allele from being
expressed in men.
Law of segregation
Non-mendelian laws of genetics
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy
Different pairs of genes
separate independently of each
other when gametes are formed
(Anaphase II in Meiosis).
Law of independent assortment
Gene pairs separate when
gametes (sex cells) are formed.
* Each gamete has only one
allele of each gene pair
Law of dominance
Occurs because neither of the two
alleles is completely dominant over
the other. This results in a phenotype
that is a combination of both.
Incomplete dominance
Two alleles are both expressed.
Neither of the two alleles was
masked.
Codominance
A gene is controlled by multiple
alleles.
Multiple alleles
One gene affects characteristics.
multiple
Pleiotropy
It is a change in genetic code.
* It can be passed from one cell to new cells.
* It is transmitted to offspring if occurs in sex cells
* Most have no effect.
Mutation
change in a single gene
Gene mutation
change in many genes
- Can be spontaneous or caused by
environmental
mutagens chemicals, etc.
Chromosome mutation
During
replication, one base is inserted
erroneously, replacing the pair
in that location on the
complementary strand. Ex.
Sickle cell anemia
Substitution
In replicating DNA,
one or more extra nucleotides
are added, frequently causing a
frameshift. Ex. A form of betathalassemia
Insertion
One or more
nucleotides is skipped during
replication or otherwise
excised, often resulting to a
frameshift
Deletion
A chromosome’s
one section is turned around
and reinserted
Inversion
When a
chromosome segment is lost,
all the genes in that segment
are also gone;
Chromosome mutation deletion
Repeating a
section of a chromosome
increases the dosage of the
genes in that section
Duplication
A section of
one chromosome is abnormally
joined to another;
Translocation
Nucleotide change leads to
amino acid change (most
common C to T
MIssense
Change leads to stop codon
Nonsense
It is a genetic disorder that
causes your blood to cloth less
Homophilia
Changes RNA splicing.
Splice site
It is an inherited disorder that
can lead to excessive
production of amino acid
phenylalanine in the blood
which is toxic to the nervous
system that can cause
intellectual disorder
PhenyIketonuria
It is a disease caused by
inheriting 2 faulty hemoglobin
genes known as hemoglobin S.
People who suffer this disease
die due to constant shortage pf
red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
It is known as Trisomy 21, an
additional one copy of
chromosome in chromosome no. 21. A total of 47
chromosomes.
Down syndrome
Trisomy 18
Edward syndrome
Trisomy 13
Patau syndrome
It is a genetic disorder where a
male has an extra copy of X
chromosome in chromosome
23; XXY
Klinefelter syndrome
It only affects females. In
chromosome 23 of female, one
X chromosome is missing or
partially missing; XO.
Turner syndrome
It is the process of using DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
* It is sometimes called biotechnology.
* Example is insulin produced by bacteria
Genetic engineering
Oil-eating bacteria
For bioremediation
- It is applied to fix damaged or defective tissue
Stem cell
- It is intended to inject genetic material into cells in order to
replace dysfunctional genes, fix mutations, or produce a useful protein
Gene therapy
- This biotechnology describes the external fertilization
of an egg cell by a sperm cell. The consequence of fertilization is what are
referred to as “test tube babies.”
In vitro fertilization
This biotechnology tries to duplicate DNA or any other necessary
biological material without requiring a person to surrender their priceless
biological being for the benefit of another person
Cloning
- Finding the order of nucleotide base pairs that
make up the entire human DNA is the goal of a worldwide scientific research
initiative.
Human genome sequence
It is a technique that uses a gene to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical
disorder. We can:
- add new copies of a gene that is broken.
- replace a defective or missing gene in a patient’s cells with a healthy
version of that gene.
Gene therapy
received the Nobel Prize for correctly describing the
structure of DNA as Double helix
Watson and Crick
A is a double helix-like twisted ladder; 4 possible nitrogenous bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine. Joined together by Hydrogen
Bond; A:T, G:C (Chargaff’s Rule)
DNA
DNA to RNA
Transcription
mRNA to protein
Translation
Important tools for scientists working with DNA,
used to cut at specific recognition sequence or sites.
Restriction enzyme
- Separate large molecules of DNA on the basis of their
rate of movement through an agarose gel in an electric field.
Gel electrophoresis
It is a process where DNA can be rapidly
copied or amplified.
Polymerase chain reaction
