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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It is an alternative form of genes. Different “flavors” of a gene (e.g.
there’s human gene for “eye color”, and it has alleles that code for “brown”
or, “blue”

A

Allele

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2
Q

It is known as the controlling allele; designated with a capital
letter. Ex. AA, BB

A

Dominant

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2
Q

Chromosome 1- 22. These are the
chromosomes contained in each body / somatic cell.

A

Autosomal chromosome

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2
Q

has two copies of every gene, one
from the mother and one from the father.

A

A normal diploid organism

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3
Q
  • It is half set of a chromosome
A

Chromatid

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3
Q
  • It refers to the branch of biology that uses living organisms
    to manufacture products or technology for the improvement of quality of
    human life.
A

Biotechnology

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3
Q
  • It is a relaxed state of chromosome with protein Histone.
A

Chromatin

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4
Q
  • It is a strand of DNA and protein inside the cell nucleus.
A

Chromosome

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5
Q

It is a cross involving two traits.

A

Dihybrid

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6
Q
  • It is the basic unit of heredity. It carries instructions responsible for
    expression of traits; a pair of inherited genes controls a trait; one member
    of the pair comes from each parent; often called alleles.
A

Alleles

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7
Q

It is the branch of biology that deals with heredity

A

Genetics

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8
Q

It is the genetic make-up of an organism (represented by the
letters). Ex. AA or Aa

A

Genotype

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9
Q

He experimented with sweet pea plants in the 1800s
leading to the formulation of hereditary concepts.

A

Gregor mendel

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10
Q

Two alleles of a pair are different (Bb); often called “hybrid

A

Heterozygous

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11
Q

It happens in Meiosis I. A complete set of
chromosomes is doubled.

A

Homologous chromosome

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12
Q

Two alleles of a pair are identical (BB or bb)

A

Homozygous

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13
Q

It is a chart of metaphase chromosome pairs to study
chromosome number and diseases.

A

Karyotype

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13
Q

It is the physical location of a gene on the chromosome

A

Locus

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14
Q

It is a graphic organizer to map genetic traits between
generations

A

Pedigree

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14
Q
  • It is a cross involving one trait.
A

Monohybrid

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15
Q
  • It is the physical appearance of an organism (description of
    letters)
A

Phenotype

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16
Q

Many characteristics result from a separate gene
that vary along a continuum.

A

Polygenic inheritance

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17
Q

It is known as a hidden allele; designated with lower-case
letters. Ex. aa, bb, cc, Aa (small letter “a” is recessive. “A” is dominant).

A

Recessive

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18
Q

It is a graphic organizer used to show the probable resul
a genetic cross

A

Punnett square

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18
Q
  • It is known as chromosome 23. Chromosome XX is
    female and Chromosome XY is male. (The father is the determinant of the
    offspring’s
A

Sex chromosome

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19
Q

Traits carried on the X chromosomes.

A

Sex linked genes

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20
Q

This refers to the identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere

A

Sister chromatid

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21
Q
  • Mating an individual of unknown genotype with an individual
    of known genotype; can help to determine the unknown genotype of the
    parent .
A

Test cross

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21
Q

Characteristic an individual receives from its parents.

A

Trait

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22
Q

Mendelian laws of genetics

A

Law of: segregation, independent assortment, dominance

22
Q

This law states that the
dominant allele will prevent the
recessive allele from being
expressed in men.

A

Law of segregation

23
Q

Non-mendelian laws of genetics

A

Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy

24
Q

Different pairs of genes
separate independently of each
other when gametes are formed
(Anaphase II in Meiosis).

A

Law of independent assortment

25
Q

Gene pairs separate when
gametes (sex cells) are formed.
* Each gamete has only one
allele of each gene pair

A

Law of dominance

26
Q

Occurs because neither of the two
alleles is completely dominant over
the other. This results in a phenotype
that is a combination of both.

A

Incomplete dominance

27
Q

Two alleles are both expressed.
Neither of the two alleles was
masked.

A

Codominance

28
Q

A gene is controlled by multiple
alleles.

A

Multiple alleles

29
Q

One gene affects characteristics.
multiple

A

Pleiotropy

30
Q

It is a change in genetic code.
* It can be passed from one cell to new cells.
* It is transmitted to offspring if occurs in sex cells
* Most have no effect.

A

Mutation

31
Q

change in a single gene

A

Gene mutation

32
Q

change in many genes
- Can be spontaneous or caused by
environmental
mutagens chemicals, etc.

A

Chromosome mutation

33
Q

During
replication, one base is inserted
erroneously, replacing the pair
in that location on the
complementary strand. Ex.
Sickle cell anemia

A

Substitution

34
Q

In replicating DNA,
one or more extra nucleotides
are added, frequently causing a
frameshift. Ex. A form of betathalassemia

A

Insertion

35
Q

One or more
nucleotides is skipped during
replication or otherwise
excised, often resulting to a
frameshift

A

Deletion

36
Q

A chromosome’s
one section is turned around
and reinserted

A

Inversion

37
Q

When a
chromosome segment is lost,
all the genes in that segment
are also gone;

A

Chromosome mutation deletion

38
Q

Repeating a
section of a chromosome
increases the dosage of the
genes in that section

A

Duplication

39
Q

A section of
one chromosome is abnormally
joined to another;

A

Translocation

40
Q

Nucleotide change leads to
amino acid change (most
common C to T

A

MIssense

41
Q

Change leads to stop codon

A

Nonsense

42
Q

It is a genetic disorder that
causes your blood to cloth less

A

Homophilia

43
Q

Changes RNA splicing.

A

Splice site

44
Q

It is an inherited disorder that
can lead to excessive
production of amino acid
phenylalanine in the blood
which is toxic to the nervous
system that can cause
intellectual disorder

A

PhenyIketonuria

45
Q

It is a disease caused by
inheriting 2 faulty hemoglobin
genes known as hemoglobin S.
People who suffer this disease
die due to constant shortage pf
red blood cells

A

Sickle cell anemia

46
Q

It is known as Trisomy 21, an
additional one copy of
chromosome in chromosome no. 21. A total of 47
chromosomes.

A

Down syndrome

47
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward syndrome

48
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau syndrome

49
Q

It is a genetic disorder where a
male has an extra copy of X
chromosome in chromosome
23; XXY

A

Klinefelter syndrome

50
Q

It only affects females. In
chromosome 23 of female, one
X chromosome is missing or
partially missing; XO.

A

Turner syndrome

51
Q

It is the process of using DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
* It is sometimes called biotechnology.
* Example is insulin produced by bacteria

A

Genetic engineering

52
Q

Oil-eating bacteria

A

For bioremediation

53
Q
  • It is applied to fix damaged or defective tissue
A

Stem cell

54
Q
  • It is intended to inject genetic material into cells in order to
    replace dysfunctional genes, fix mutations, or produce a useful protein
A

Gene therapy

55
Q
  • This biotechnology describes the external fertilization
    of an egg cell by a sperm cell. The consequence of fertilization is what are
    referred to as “test tube babies.”
A

In vitro fertilization

56
Q

This biotechnology tries to duplicate DNA or any other necessary
biological material without requiring a person to surrender their priceless
biological being for the benefit of another person

A

Cloning

57
Q
  • Finding the order of nucleotide base pairs that
    make up the entire human DNA is the goal of a worldwide scientific research
    initiative.
A

Human genome sequence

58
Q

It is a technique that uses a gene to treat, prevent or cure a disease or medical
disorder. We can:
- add new copies of a gene that is broken.
- replace a defective or missing gene in a patient’s cells with a healthy
version of that gene.

A

Gene therapy

59
Q

received the Nobel Prize for correctly describing the
structure of DNA as Double helix

A

Watson and Crick

60
Q

A is a double helix-like twisted ladder; 4 possible nitrogenous bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine. Joined together by Hydrogen
Bond; A:T, G:C (Chargaff’s Rule)

A

DNA

61
Q

DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

62
Q

mRNA to protein

A

Translation

63
Q

Important tools for scientists working with DNA,
used to cut at specific recognition sequence or sites.

A

Restriction enzyme

64
Q
  • Separate large molecules of DNA on the basis of their
    rate of movement through an agarose gel in an electric field.
A

Gel electrophoresis

65
Q

It is a process where DNA can be rapidly
copied or amplified.

A

Polymerase chain reaction

Biology (11 decks)

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