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EVOLUTION LECT > Origin of Life > Flashcards

Origin of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Main theories on the origin of life (7)

A
  1. Theory of Creation
  2. Abiogenesis (Theory of Spontaneous Generation)
  3. Biogenesis
  4. Cosmozoic/Interplanetary Hypothesis
  5. Natural or Marine (Primeval Soup)
  6. Physico-chemical/Coacervate Droplet Theory
  7. Evolution Theory
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2
Q

3 Possibilities

A

Special Creation

Extraterrestrial Origin

Spontaneous Origin

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3
Q

Life-forms may have been put on Earth by supernatural or divine forces

A

Special Creation

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4
Q

Life may not have originated on Earth at all; Instead, life may have infected Earth from some other planet.

A

Extraterrestrial Origin

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5
Q

Life may have evolved from inanimate matter, as associations among molecules become more and more complex

A

Spontaneous Origin

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6
Q

The ancient atmosphere is a ___ atmosphere.

Primitive Earth lacks ___ in the atmosphere.

UV rays from the sun can be ___ to living organisms.

A

reducing, protective layer, detrimental

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7
Q

It is believed that the ancient atmosphere was principally made up of 3 things:

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen Gas (N2)
Water Vapor (H2O)

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8
Q

It is believed that the ancient atmosphere could also possibly have: (3)

A

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Ammonia (NH3)
Methane (CH4)

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9
Q

Other Hypotheses: (4)

A

a) Under frozen oceans
b) Deep in the earth’s crust
c) within clay
d) Deep-sea vents

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10
Q

In 1988, he proposed that life might have formed as a by-product of volcanic activity, with iron and nickel sulfide materials acting as chemical catalysts to recombine gases spewing from eruptions into the building blocks of life.

A

Gunter Wachtershauser

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11
Q

In the hypothesis of deep in the earth’s crust, what were the two chemical catalysts used to recombine gases spewing from eruptions into the building blocks of life?

A

Iron and Nickel Sulfide minerals

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12
Q

The surface of clays have ___ charges to attract organic molecules, and exclude water, providing a potential catalytic surface on which life’s early chemistry might have occured

A

positive

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13
Q

In deep-sea vents, the ___ of the ___ would have acted as a magnet for ___ ____.

A

positive charge, sulfides

negatively charged, organic molecules

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14
Q

suggests that the ancestors of today’s prokaryotes are most closely related to the bacteria that live on the deep-sea vents.

A

Genomics

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15
Q

Rocky structures in the sea floor caused by

A

lime-secreting cyanobacteria

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16
Q

rocky structures in the sea floor, where layers of fine sediments are built up with the help of tiny organisms

They contain the oldest piece of evidence of life about 3.5
billion years old.

Structure made by living things.

A

Stromatolites

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17
Q

Suggested that cyanobacteria raised oxygen levels in the atmosphere

A

Great Oxidation Event - 2.4 billion years ago

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18
Q

Poisonous waste produced by cyanobacteria

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

___ oxygen makes the iron in the oceans ___ and sink to the seafloor, forming striking banded iron formations

A

dissolved, rust

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20
Q

Provides protective covering from the harmful rays of the sun.

A

Ozone layer

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21
Q

2.3 billion years ago, Earth may have frozen over into the first “___” possibly as a result of a lack of volcanic activity.

A

snowball Earth

22
Q

2 billion years ago, the group of bacteria evolved the ability to capture the energy of light

Some are photosynthetic such as plants and algae

A

Eukaryotic cells

23
Q

Prokaryote traits (5)

A

No nucleus
No organelles
Very small
DNA is not as complex
Undergo Binary fission

24
Q

Eukaryote traits (5)

A

Have a Nucleus
Have Organelles
Larger
Complex DNA
Undergo Mitosis and Meiosis

25
Q

Prokaryote and Eukaryote shared traits (3)

A

Both have a cell membrane
Both have RNA
Both are living

26
Q

Eukaryotes evolved through a series of small steps.

A

Endosymbiosis

27
Q

Bases/proofs of scientists to say that both mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotic?

A

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genome, and it resembles that of bacteria not that of the nuclear genome.

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own protein-synthesizing machinery, and it more closely resembles that of bacteria than that found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes.

28
Q

Eukaryotes divide into three groups:

A

ancestors of modern plants
fungi
animals

29
Q

It is believed that the first multicellular life developed around this time

A

900 million years ago

30
Q

Serve as a model for reconstruction of the last unicellular ancestor of animals

A

choanoflagellates

31
Q

Early multicellular animals split into ___ and ___

A

sponges
eumetozoa

32
Q

comb jellies (___) split from the other multicellular animals. They rely on water flowing through their body cavities to acquire oxygen and food

A

ctenophores

33
Q

jellyfish and their relatives

A

cnidarians

34
Q

defined top and bottom, as well as a front and back

A

bilateral symmetry

35
Q

closest surviving relative of the first ever bilateral animal.

A

Acoela

36
Q

May be the earliest bilateral animal in the fossil record

A

Vernanimalcula guizhouena

37
Q

animals with bilateral symmetry

A

Bilateria

38
Q

Bilateria split into ___ and ___

A

protostomes, deuterostomes

39
Q

all the arthropods, worms, and rotifers

A

protostomes

40
Q

all vertebrates and ambulacraria

A

deuterostomes

41
Q

all vertebrates and ambulacraria

A

deuterostomes

42
Q

starfish, brittle stars and their relatives

A

echinoderms

43
Q

worm like families

A

hemichordates

44
Q

Animals that have a backbone

A

chordates

45
Q

Chordates must posess (5)

A

notochord
hollow dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
endostyle
post-anal tail

46
Q

refers to the sudden appearance of complex animals with mineralized skeletal remains

may represent the most important evolutionary event in the history of life on earth

A

Cambrian explosion

47
Q

an intermediate between fish and four-legged animals

A

Tiktaalik roseae

48
Q

inclujde all modern reptiles and birds

A

sauropsids

49
Q

reptiles with distinctive jaws, eventually evolving to be mammals

A

synapsids

50
Q

means ‘four feet’ and they include all the species with four legs

A

tetrapods

51
Q

closest living relatives of tetrapods (2)

A

lungfish and coelacanth

EVOLUTION LECT (9 decks)

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