Fundamental concepts of Evolution

Question 1

Change in living things by descent with modification

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Change through time as species become modified and diverge to produce multiple descendants

Answer 2

Evolution

Question 3

Evolution is a change in the ___ characteristics of biological populations over ___ generations - expressed in ___ that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction

Answer 3

heritable
successive
genes

Question 4

The concept of evolution is the cornerstone of biology, why? (2)

Answer 4

It provides a framework (unifying principle) for the way that we study and understand the living world

It’s a way of bringing together many diverse aspects of life’s tremendous complexity

Question 5

Evolution stresses the ___ of all life rather than its ___

Answer 5

relatedness, differences

Question 6

Connected to Evolutionary Biology (7)

Answer 6

Natural Selection
Cell BIology
Mendelian Genetics
Population Genetics
Evolutionary Ecology
Botany
Palaeontology

Question 7

Ontogeny is connected with ___

Answer 7

Developmental Biology

Question 8

Phylogeny is connected with: (4)

Answer 8

Developmental Biology
Microbiology
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Question 9

V
I
S
T
stands for?

Answer 9

Variation
Inheritance
Selection
Time

Question 10

In all species, individuals differ in their ___ producing many ___ in their physical features; individuals vary from each other

Answer 10

genetic makeup, variations

Question 11

Individuals pass some of their ___ to their offspring; parents pass on their parents to their offspring

Answer 11

genetic material

Question 12

Some individuals have inherited ___ (___) that allows them to better survive or produce more offspring. These offspring, in turn, are more likely to survive and create offspring of their own. As a result, their ___ become more common in the entire population; some variants reproduce more than others

Answer 12

character (genes)
genes

Question 13

Over time, ___ results in changes in species. These changes may take days, or decades, or millions of years to occur; ___ accumulate over time

Answer 13

Selection, successful variations

Question 14

___ < Speciation (Species concepts) > ___

Answer 14

Phylogenetics (Macroevolution)

Population genetics (Microevolution)

Question 15

Microevolution (6)

Answer 15

Definition - small scale changes in gene frequencies of a population over a short period of time

Scale - small-scale evolutionary changes

Time Period - Short time period

Range - Within species or population

Causes - Mutation, selection, gene flow and genetic drift

Detection - Observable through experimental evidence

Question 16

Macroevolution (6)

Answer 16

Definition - Major evolutionary changes over a longer period of time

Scale - Large scale evolutionary changes

Time period - Over a large time period

Range - Above the level of populations

Causes - Occurs due to extended microevolution

Detection - Not directly observable

Question 17

Can be drawn to show how every species is related

Answer 17

Tree of life

Question 18

High altitiude adaptation in humans

Answer 18

Evolutionary adaptation - allows people in TIbet, Andes, and Ethiopia to survive high altitude

Increased Oxygen in haemoglobin

Tolerance to Arsenic

Normal people develop inefficient physiological responses

Increase in breathing and heart rate due to low air pressure

Pulse rate and blood pressure go up sharply

Question 19

Example of natural selection in action where an antibiotic acts as an environmental pressure

Answer 19

Antibiotic Resistance

Question 20

One main example of Natural selection in antibiotic resistance

Answer 20

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 21

The theory of evolution by natural selection (6)

Answer 21

a. all living things consist of a unique combination of chemicals organized in unique ways

b. species’ populations are able to adapt to gradually changing environments

c. Most of these variations have a genetic basis

d. each species produces more offspring than will survive into maturity

e. Those individuals whose variations best fit their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce

f. by process of natural selection, evolution sorts through these numerous variations to pick the most fit