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chemistry > Organjc Chemistry Part 2 > Flashcards

Organjc Chemistry Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

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2
Q

What are the three ways that you can oxidize ethanol

A

By combustion
By microbial/aerobic oxidation
With an oxidizing agent (like potassium dichromate (IV) in sulfuric acid)

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3
Q

Give the word equation of the combustion of ethanol

A

Ethanol + oxygen —-) carbon dioxide + water

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4
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation of the combustion of ethanol

A

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ——) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

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5
Q

What type of fuel is ethanol and what are examples of what it is made of

A

A biofuel
Made of for example corn or sugar cane

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6
Q

Explain why wine has a sour taste after a few days of being open

A

Microorganisms in the wine use the oxygen in the atmosphere
to oxidize the ethanol
Into ethanoic acid
Where the acid gives the wine it’s sour taste

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7
Q

Which oxidizing agent can be used to form ethanoic acid, from ethanol

A

potassium dichromate (IV) acidified in dilute sulfuric acid

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8
Q

Give the symbol equation of potassium dichromate (IV)

A

K2Cr2O7

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9
Q

State what is oxidized and what is reduced in the oxidation reaction of ethanol using an oxidizing agent

A

Ethanol is oxidized
Potassium dichromate is reduced

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10
Q

When ethanol is oxidized using an oxidizing agent, state what the colour change is and why

A

Orange to green
And is Green because of the presence of Cr^3+ions

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11
Q

Give the oxidation equation of ethanol being oxidized using an oxidizing agent

A

CH3CH2OH + 2[O] ——) CH3COOH + H2O

(Always use the structural formula to show alcohols)

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12
Q

One way to set up the experiment for oxidizing ethanol with an oxidizing agent is to use a vertical condensing jacket in top of a flask. Explain why the condensing jacket is there

A

Because some of the volatile components of the ethanol may evaporate quickly,
So the condensing jacket condensed this back into a liquid so that the solution can boil for longer

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13
Q

How would éthanol production be affected if sugar and yeast were left in an environment with oxygen

A

Ethanol would not be produced because instead, the yeast would respire aerobically
And would produce carbon dioxide and water instead

Or then the oxygen would react with the ethanol produced to make ethanoic acid, giving the drink a sour taste

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14
Q

What are the two ways that ethanol can be produced

A

By fermentation
Or hydration of ethene

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15
Q

Give the word equation to produce ethanol from fermantion

A

Glucose—-(yeast)—) ethanol + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation to produce ethanol from fermentation

A

C6H12O6—-(yeast)——-) 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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17
Q

Explain how to produce ethanol from fermentation (5)

A

1)place sugar/starch in water and then add yeast
2)heat to 30 degrees and make conditions anaerobic
3)the enzymes in the yeast will ferment the sugars , to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
4) when ethanol concentration reaches 15% the yeast is killed, so vessel should be emptied for a new batch
5) the ethanol produced needs to be fractionally distilled to produce a pure sample

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18
Q

Why can alcoholic drinks never have more than 15% alcohol concentration

A

Because when the ethanol produced in the fermentation process reaches 15% concatenation it kills the yeast, and so the sugar can no longer be broken down to produce ethanol

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19
Q

What is the temperature and catalyst used to produce ethanol from fermentation

A

30 degrees temperature
And
Enzymes in the yeast

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20
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation to produce ethanol from the hydration of ethene
(In terms of molecular formula)

A

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) —-) C2H5OH(l)

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21
Q

What type of reaction is the hydration of ethene and why

A

Addition, because atoms are being added, and none are being removed

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22
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation of producing ethanol from the hydration of ethene
(In terms of structural formula)

A

CH2=CH2 (g) + H2O (g)—-) CH3CH2OH(l)

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23
Q

Explain Why may you have to use fractional distillation after carrying out the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol

A

Because the process produces ethanol, water and unreacted ethene
So fractional distillation is used to take a pure sample of ethanol
Which takes advantage of how ethene has a much lower boiling point than both water and ethanol

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24
Q

What is the temperature,
catalyst,
And pressure used, when carrying out the hydration of ethene

A

Temperature is 300 degrees
Catalyst is phosphoric acid
Pressure is 60-70 atmospheric pressure

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25
Q

Give two advantages of producing ethanol from hydration of ethene

A

Has a higher yield, because is more efficient
Much quicker process

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26
Q

Why does producing ethanol from fermentation give a low yield

A

Because it is inefficient
As in the batch process that is used, products may be wasted

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27
Q

Give two disadvantages of producing ethanol from hydration of ethene

A

-Requires large amounts of energy
-non renewable and finite resource (because ethene comes from crude oil)

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28
Q

What is vinegar

A

An aqeous solution of ethanoic acid

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29
Q

Complete the word equation:
Aqueous Ethanoic acid + magnesium

A

—-) magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen

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30
Q

Complete the word equation:
Sodium carbonate + aqeous ethanoic acid —-)

A

—-) sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water

(Because when a metal reacts with an acid a salt, co2 and H2O is formed)

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31
Q

What kind of acids are Carboxylic acids and what PH do they usually have

A

Weak acids,
With PH 3-5

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32
Q

Will metals below hydrogen react with ethanoic acid and explain why

A

No
Because they are unreactive

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33
Q

What could you observe happening in the reaction between zinc and aqeous ethanoic acid

A

Bubbles would be formed (but slowly)

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34
Q

Write the balanced symbol equation with state symbols of the reaction between magnesium and ethanoic acid

A

Mg(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) —-) (CH3COO)2Mg(aq) + H2(g)

(-Remember to get the ionic equation of magnesium ethanoate right
-rmeber to write the magnesium after the ethanoate
-remeber to balance the equation
-remeber the state symbols and that the ethanoic acid and magnesium ethanoic will be aqeous)

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35
Q

What colour is the solution of magnesium ethanoate formed from magnesium + aqeous ethanoic acid, and explain why

A

Colourless
Because the magnesium ethanoate is soluble in water

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36
Q

Write the balanced symbol equation of sodium carbonate and ethanoic acid

A

Na2CO3(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq)—-) 2CH3COONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(-Remember to get the ionic equations right
-rmeber to write the sodium after the ethanoate
-remeber to balance the equation
-remeber the state symbols and that the ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate will be aqeous)

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37
Q

Write the balanced symbol equation for calcium carbonate + ethanoic acid

A

2CHCOOH(aq) + CaCO3(s) —-) (CH3COO) 2Ca(ag) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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38
Q

Give the structural formula of ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

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39
Q

Give the structural formula of butanoic acid

A

CH3CH2CH2COOH

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40
Q

Give the structural formula of methanol acid

A

HCOOH

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41
Q

Write the general equation to make an ester

A

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid —-) ester + water

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42
Q

Write the balanced symbol equation with state symbols for the production of ethyl ethanoate

A

CH3CH2OH(l) + CH3COOH(l) ——) (——- CH3COOCH2CH3(l) + H2O(l)

(Remember the reversible sign inbetween)

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43
Q

Give two things esters can be used for

A

Perfumes
Food flavorings

44
Q

Give two properties of esters that make them usueful for perfumes

A

Pleasant scents
Volatile (so evaporate easily)

45
Q

Give two names for the name of the reaction to make ethyl ethanoate

A

Estérification
And condensation

46
Q

Name the alcohol and Carboxylic acid used in methyl methanoate

A

Methanol is the alcohol
Methanoic acid is the Carboxylic acid used

47
Q

Explain why a Bunsen burner is not suitable to use in an experiment to make an ester

A

Because the contents are highly flammable

48
Q

Explain why once an ester is made why is it often poured into a sodium carbonate solution

A

So that the excess acid can react with the sodium carbonate, so that the smell of the ester is stronger
(Because the Carboxylic acid masks the smell of the ester)

49
Q

An ester is made, and is then poured into a solution of sodium carbonate. Explain what will happen to the ester now and the excess Carboxylic acid and alcohol

A

The ester will float in the top and the Carboxylic acid and alcohol will dissolve into the water

50
Q

What is the catalyst used in the reaction to make ethyl ethanoate

A

Dilute sulfuric acid

51
Q

What is the name of the solution that an ester can be poured into to make it a stronger smell

A

Sodium carbonate solution

52
Q

What is a polymer

A

A LONG CHAIN made by JOINING many smaller molecules together

53
Q

What is the monomer used to produce poly(butene)

A

Butene monomers

54
Q

What is the molecular formula of poly(propene)

A

(C3H6)n

(Remember that for polymers you always need to write an “n” next to the formula of the monomer)

55
Q

Are polymers saturated or unsaturated and explain why

A

Saturated because they contain no double bonds

56
Q

What are the three things required for an addition polymérisation reaction to occur

A

Heat
High pressures
And an initiator

57
Q

How does an initiator differ from a catalyst

A

An initiator is consumed in the reaction ,whereas a catalyst is not

58
Q

What is an initiator

A

Starts the process of for example an addition polymerization reaction

59
Q

What colour is bromine water if poly(ethene) is added to it and explain why

A

It does not decolorize so stays orange,
Because poly(ethene) is a polymer which are Alkanes
and alkanes do not undergo reactions in bromine water

60
Q

Give a property or poly(propene)

A

Strong and rigid

61
Q

Give a property of poly(ethene)

A

Flexible and strong

62
Q

Give two examples of things made of poly(ethene)

A

Plastic bags
Storage bottles for food

63
Q

Give two examples of things made of poly(propene)

A

Ropes
Crates

64
Q

Give two properties or poly(chloroethene)

A

Strong and does not conduct electricity

65
Q

Give three examples of poly(chloroethene)

A

Water pipes
floor coverings
or Used for electrical insulation

66
Q

What is another name for poly(chloroethene)

A

PVC

67
Q

Give two properties of poly(tetrafluroethene)

A

unreactive
Slippery

68
Q

Give two examples of things made of poly(tetrafluroethene)

A

Non-stick coating for pots and pans
Liner for containers of corrosive chemicals

69
Q

Write the repeating unit of poly(propene)

A

Check your book

(Make sure you have a CH3 group
Make sure you have only single bonds
Make sure you have a bracket with an N
Make sure you have bonds sticking out)

70
Q

Give two advantages of landfill sites

A

They are cheap
They release no greenhouse gases from plastics

71
Q

Give two advantages of incineration

A

-does not use a lot of space
-can generate heat or electricity for local homes

72
Q

Give three disadvantages of landfill sites

A

-uses up a lot of space
-smells and is unpleasant to look at
-waste remains for thousands of years

73
Q

Give three disadvantages of incineration

A

-releases greenhouse gases
-ash produced still needs to be disposed of in landfill sites
-expensive to build and maintain

74
Q

What is condensation polymérisation

A

When monomers join together and a small molecule is eliminated/lost as a by product, which is usually water

75
Q

Give an example of a type of substance created from condensation polymérisation

A

A polyester

76
Q

Which two substances are required for a polyester to form

A

A dicarboxylic acid monomer and a diol monomer

77
Q

What are two conditions required for a condensation polymérisation reaction to occur

A

-each monomer should have atleast two functional groups
-and there should be atleast two different functional groups present overall

78
Q

Give an example of an equation to form a polyester

A

Ethanedioc acid + ethane-1,2-diol ——) poly(ethyl ethanoate) + water

79
Q

Write the structural equation to make poly( ethyl ethanoate)

A

Look in your book

80
Q

Give an example of a substance that is used to make a biodegradable polyester

A

Lactic acid

81
Q

During condensation polymérisation, a Carboxylic acid joins with an alcohol to create…

A

An ester link

82
Q

What does biodegradable mean

A

When a substance can be BROKEN DOWN naturally by BACTERIA

83
Q

What is the functional group of an ester

A

-COO

84
Q

How can an alcohol be removed form an impure ester

A

Add calcium chloride

85
Q

Describe how to carry out simple distillation to prepare a sample of an ester

A

1)Heat the Carboxylic acid, the alcohol and sulfuric acid In a round bottomed flask using a water bath, but not a Bunsen burner because the contents are highly volatile
2)the ester will quickly evaporate because it has a low boiling point, and then will be condensed and collected in the beaker
3)calcium chloride can be added then to remove the alcohol and sodium carbonate can be added to remove acidic impurities

86
Q

After preparing an esteem how can u test ti be certain if an ester has been made

A

It can me smelt by wafting it towards you because esters have strong and pleasant smells

87
Q

Can alkanes be used for polymérisation?

A

No because they are saturated and polymérisation requires the presence of the double bond

88
Q

What property of polymers makes them non biodegradable

A

They are inert
(Because they have such strong covalent bonds that there would be so much energy required to break them)

89
Q

State two changes that occur in the formation of an addition polymer from its monomer

A

-the double bond becomes a single bond
-the chain length increases

90
Q

Give two advantages of producing ethanol with hydration of ethen rather than by fermentation

A

-faster rate of reaction
-a continuous process so more efficient

91
Q

Explain why some countries may use fermentation rather than hydration of ethene to produce ethanol

A

Because they have a suitable environment for growing sugar cane

92
Q

What type of reaction is this:
C2H5OH—-) C2H4 + O2

A

Dehydration
(Because it’s the opposite of hydration)

93
Q

What is the general name for compounds such as sucrose and glucose

A

Sugars

94
Q

How is carbon monoxide dangerous to humans(2)

A

It reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
And so can cause death

95
Q

Describe, in terms of structure and bonding, what happens when
chloroethene molecules are converted into poly(chloroethene).

A

Any three from:
M1 - (one bond in the) double bond breaks
M2 - small molecules/monomers/chloroethene
molecules join together
M3 - to form a (long) chain/macromolecule
M4 - product/polymer contains only single bonds

96
Q

State what is meant by dehydration

A

The removal of water

97
Q

State how you would know that the reaction between glucose and yeast has finished

A

There would be no more bubbling

98
Q

What is the reaction of ethanol to ethene called

A

Dehydration

99
Q

Give an example of a polymer formed by condensation polymérisation

A

Nylon

100
Q

Describe how covalent bonds differ in crude oil compared to kerosene

A

There are more covalent bonds in crude oil than in kerosene

101
Q

Give two differences between condensation polymérisation and addition polymérisation

A

-In condensation polymérisation, a molecule (usually water) is eliminated but in addition, no molecules are lost
-in condensation polymérisation, more than one product is formed, whereas in addition only one product is formed

102
Q

Explain why fermentation is done in the absence of air(2)

A

1)so that anaerobic respiration can occur and ethanol can be made, OTEHRWISE, carbon dioxide and water would form instead for aerobic respiration

2)if air is present, oxygen will react with the ethanol to be oxidized and ethanoic acid will be formed and water

103
Q

Give three properties of Carboxylic acids

A

React with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide, salt and water
React with metals to form salt and hydrogen
React with alcohols with the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters

104
Q

What type of an acid is a Carboxylic acid

A

A weak acid, so does not fully disassociate

105
Q

Give a name of a condensation polymer

A

Nylon

chemistry (18 decks)

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