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MD2S3: Physiology 203 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the Nervous System?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the SNS?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

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4
Q

What are the parts of the CNS?

A
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5
Q

What are the types of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoceptors
Photoreceptors

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6
Q

Types of Mechanoreceptors

A

Merkel Disks
Meissner Corpuscles
Pacinian Corpuscle
Joint Receptors
Muscle Spindle
Golgi Tendon Organs
Cochlear Hair Cells

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7
Q

Types of Chemoreceptors

A

Taste Cells
Olfactory Cells

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8
Q

Types of Nociceptors

A

Free nerve endings

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9
Q

Types of Thermoceptors

A

Warmth Receptors
Cold Receptors

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10
Q

Types of Photoreceptors

A

Rods
Cones

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11
Q

How is information transferred to the CNS?

A

Peripheral Nerves

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12
Q

Sensory Areas of the CNS are located in the …

A

Spinal Cord
Medulla, Pons and Mesencephalon
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

What are the Motor Functions of the Nervous System?

A

Skeletal Muscles Contraction
Smooth Muscles Contraction
Secretion of Chemicals

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14
Q

What are the effectors of the body?

A

Muscles
Glands

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15
Q

Motor areas of the CNS are located in the …

A

Spinal Cord
Medulla, Pons and Mesencephalon
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Motor Cortex

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16
Q

Motor Areas
The lower levels of control of Skeletal Muscles are for …

A

Automatic and Instantaneous Muscle reponses

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17
Q

Motor Areas
The upper levels of control of Skeletal Muscles are for …

A

Complex Muscle Momets

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18
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning

A

Spinal Cord Level
Lower Brain/Subcortical Level
Higher Brain/Cortical Level

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19
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning
Functions of the Spinal Cord Level

A

Walking Movements
Reflexes

Reflexes include response to Painful Stimuli, Support of Muscles against Gravity, Local Blood Vessels, GI Movements and Urinary Excretions

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20
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning
Function of the Subcortical Level

A

Medulla and Pons: Arterial Pressure and Respiration
Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons and Mesencephalon: Equilibrium
Medulla, Pons, Mesencephalon, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus: Feeding Reflexes
Emotional Patterns

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21
Q

Levels of CNS Functioning
Function of Cortical Level

A

Functions in association with lower centers
Stores Operative Processess
Thought Processes

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22
Q

Impulses are transferred from a ____ neuron to a ____ neuron

A

__presynaptic__
__postsynaptic__

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23
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A

Axosomatic
Axodendritic
Axoaxonic

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24
Q

What are the types of transmissions across a synapse?

A

Chemical Transmission (using neurotransmitters)
Electrical Transmission (using gap junctions)

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25
Q

Which type of transmission is fastest?

A

Electrical Transmission

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26
Q

Fill out the following diagram about chemical transmission

A
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27
Q

Which diseases affect SNARE proteins?

A

Botulism
Tetanus

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28
Q

How do diseases affect SNARE proteins?

A

Cleave SNARE proteins causing inhibited release and paralysis

29
Q

What type of paralysis does Botulism cause?

A

Flaccid Paralysis

30
Q

What types of paralysis does Tetanus cause?

A

Spastic Paralysis

31
Q

What are the types of Postsynaptic Potentials?

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials

32
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

A

Make Postsynaptic Neuron’s Membrane Potential more positive
Cause generation of Action Potential

33
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

A

Makes Postsynaptic Neuron’s Membrane Potential more negative
Prevents Depolarization

34
Q

What is Summation?

A

Mutiple Action Potentials which add up to be Suprathreshold

35
Q

What occurs in case of Excess Neurotransmitter Secretion?

A

Diffused away and taken up by other cells
Digested by Synaptic Cleft Enzymes
Taken up by Presynaptic Vesicle

36
Q

How is the process regenerated?

A

Empty vesicles migrate through axon’s cytoplasm allowing for reuptake of unused neurotransmitters

37
Q

What are the main excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Glutamate
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

38
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

39
Q

Acetylcholine
Stimulates …

A

Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Endocrine Functions

40
Q

Acetylcholine
Cholinergic meaning

A

Neurons Synthesizing and Releasing Acetylcholine

41
Q

Acetylcholine
Which enzyme degrades Acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Enables muscle relaxation

42
Q

Acetylcholine
What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Disease causing destruction of ACh postsynaptic receptors and muscle weakness

43
Q

Dopamine
Function

A

Reward and Pleasure Center

Connected with Drug Addiction and Addictive Personalities

44
Q

Dopamine
Decreased Dopamine Activity in Mesocortical Pathway causes …

A

Social Withdrawal
Isolation
Flattened Affect
Poor Speech
Lack of Interest

45
Q

Dopamine
Increased Activity in Mesolimbic Tract

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Rapid Speech
Catatonic behaviour

46
Q

Dopamine
How does Parkinson’s Disease occur?

A

Dopamine Deficiency in Nigrostriatal pathway

47
Q

Dopamine
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Progressive Dementia
Stiff Movements
Resting Tremors

48
Q

Glutamate
Where is it synthesized?

A

Presynaptic Neurons/Glial Cells

49
Q

Glutamate
Serves as a precursor for …

A

GABA

50
Q

Glutamate
What does excessive Glutamate cause?

A

Excitotoxicity

51
Q

Glutamate
Excitotoxicity has been implicated in …

A

Spinal Cord Trauma
Brain Trauma
Autism
Alzheimer’s
Parkinsons Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

52
Q

Norepinephrine
Which postsynaptic receptor does norepinephrine bind to?

A

Noradrenergic Receptors

53
Q

Norepinephrine
Function of NE in the brain

A

Enhances focus and attention
Stimulates arousal
Promotes alertness and vigilance
Increases recall and memory retention

54
Q

Norepinephrine
Function of NE throughout the body

A

Fight-or-Flight Response
Increases Heart Rate
Increases Blood Pressure

55
Q

Norepinephrine
How does NE differ from other neurotransmitters?

A

Can also act as hormones

56
Q

Norepinephrine
Where is it produced?

A

Preganglionic Neurons
Adrenal Medulla

57
Q

Serotonin
Regulates …

A

Mood
Appetite
Sleep

58
Q

Serotonin
Where is it stored and released from?

A

Majority: Enterochromaffin Cells (GI tract)
Minority: Raphe Nucleus (CNS)

Similar to NE, it can act as a hormone and neurotransmitter

59
Q

Serotonin
Which receptors does it bind to?

A

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

60
Q

GABA
Function

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

61
Q

GABA
What are the types of GABA receptors?

A

GABAA receptors
GABAB receptors

62
Q

GABA
GABAA receptors

A

Allows Chloride to enter cells and decreases Transmembrane Potential inhibiting Action Potential

63
Q

GABA
What type of receptor is GABAB?

A

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

64
Q

GABA
Mechanism of action

A
65
Q

GABA
GABA Deficiency causes …

A

Huntington’s Disease

66
Q

GABA
Characteristics of Huntington’s Disease

A

Aggression
Dementia
Choreiform Movements

67
Q

How does electrical transmission occur?

A

Ions pass between Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neurons through Gap Junctions

68
Q

Uses of electrical transmission

A

Defensive Reflexes
Cerebral Cortex
Optic Retina
Lateral Vestibular Nucleus (coordinating head movement and balance)
Hippocampus (memory and spatial recognition)
Olfactory Bulb (smell)

MD2S3: Physiology 203 (13 decks)

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