Disorders of Pancreatic Hormones

Question 1

Cause of T1DM

Answer 1

Lack of Insulin Secretion

Question 2

T1DM
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer 2

Hyperglycemia and Metabolic Acidosis

Frequently occurs in T1DM patients

Question 3

T1DM
Common presentations of DKA

Answer 3

Laboured Respiration
Abdominal Pain
Hypotension
Signs of Severe Dehydration

Question 4

T1DM
How is DKA treated?

Answer 4

Insulin
Fluids

Question 5

T1DM
T1DM can be attributed to ____ and ____ factors

Answer 5

__Genetic__
__Environment__

Question 6

T1DM
Mechanism of occurence

Answer 6

T- and B-cell mediated immune destruction of Pancreatic β cells

Question 7

T1DM
Why do autoimmune reactions occur?

Answer 7

Autoantigens from Pancreatic β cells are targeted by immune system due to molecular mimicry after a viral infection

Question 8

T1DM
Why does dehydration occur in T1DM?

Answer 8

Osmotic Diuresis

Question 9

T1DM
Describe the process of Osmotic Diuresis

Answer 9

Question 10

T1DM
Chronic Complications

Answer 10

Retinopathy
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Peripheral Neuropathy
Autonomic Neuropathy
Accelerated Atherosclerosis

Question 11

Fill Out

Answer 11

Question 12

Causes of T2DM

Answer 12

Initially: Peripheral Insulin Resistance
Later: High Glucagon and Deficient Insulin Secretion

Question 13

T2DM
Other Pathophysiological Causes (Besides Insulin Resistance and ↑Glucagon Levels)

Answer 13

Excessive Hepatic Glucose Production
Abnormal Fat Metabolism
Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation
Genetics

Question 14

T2DM
Typical Characteristics of patients

Answer 14

Older than 40
Obese with Predominately Abdominal fat

Question 15

T2DM
How can it be diagnosed?

Answer 15

Laboratory Testing

Question 16

T2DM
Symptoms

Answer 16

Polyuria
Polydipsia (Increased Thirst)
Polyphagia (Increased Hunger)
Weight Gain

Question 17

T2DM
Risk factors

Answer 17

Obesity
Sedentary Lifestyle
Diet
Smoking
Alcohol Consumption
Sleep Deprivation
Genetic Factors

Question 18

T2DM
What causes Insulin Resistance?

Answer 18

Reduced Insulin Receptors
Cytokines secreted by Adipocytes
Leptin Deficiency
High Cortisol
Inadequate Pacreatic Secretion

Question 19

T2DM
Acute Complications

Answer 19

Osmotic Diuresis
Volume Depletion
Electrolyte Disorders
Hypotension
Increased Risk of Infection

Question 20

T2DM
Chronic Complications

Answer 20

Microangiopathy/Macroangiopathy/Ischemia
Retinopathy
Diabetic Kidney Disease
Autonomic Neuropathy
Accelerated Atherosclerosis
Peripheral Neuropathy

Question 21

How can C-Peptide be used to distinguish between T1DM and T2DM?

Answer 21

T1DM: Little to no C-Peptide
T2DM: C-Peptide present

Question 22

Characteristics of Prediabetes

Answer 22

HBA1C = 5.7-6.4%
Fasting Plasma Glucose = 100-125 mg/dL
Impaired Glucose Tolerance (140-199 mg/dL during 75g glucose tolerance test)