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biology factual recall questions > organisms exchange substances with their environment > Flashcards

organisms exchange substances with their environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does an increase in volume effect Surface Area:Volume ratio?

A

Larger volume means smaller SA:V ratio

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2
Q

Name the process by which prokaryotes exchange gasses?

A

Diffusion, due to the small diffusion pathway

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3
Q

Name three components of the tracheal system in insects?

A

Spiracles, Trachea, Tracheoles

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4
Q

Name two components of the gas exchange system in gills of a fish?

A

Gill filaments, Lamellae

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5
Q

By what principle do fish exchange gasses in their gills

A

Counter current mechanism

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6
Q

Define dicotyledonous?

A

A plant in which the seed has two embryonic leaves

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7
Q

Name two components of the leaves of dicotyledonous plants involved in gas exchange

A

Stomata, Guard Cells, mesophyll cells

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8
Q

How do xerophytic plants limit water loss?

A

Waxy cuticle, hairy leaves, curled shape, sunken stomata, reduced SA: ration of leaves

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9
Q

How do insects balance the need for gas exchange with the need to limit water loss

A

In dry conditions spiracles close to limit water loss

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10
Q

Name three components of the lungs involved in gas exchange?

A

Trachea, Bronchioles, Alveoli

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11
Q

Over which membranes in the lungs do gasses have to pass?

A

Alveolar epithelium, capillary epithelium

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12
Q

What features of the surface over which gasses pass in the lungs have to enable efficient gas exchange?

A

Thin, flattened cells so short diffusion pathway

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13
Q

Name the method of interaction between internal and external intercostal muscles

A

Antagonistic

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14
Q

Outline the movement of the diaphragm muscle in a) inhalation and b) exhalation

A

a) the diaphragm muscle contracts, causing it to flatten, increasing volume of thorax
b) the diaphragm muscle relaxes, arching upwards, reducing the volume of the thorax

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15
Q

What cavity is involved in gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Thorax/thoric Cavity

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16
Q

State the equation for PVR (pulmonary ventilation rate)

A

PVR = Tidal Volume x Breathing Rate

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17
Q

What builds up in the lungs as a result of cystic fibrosis?

A

Mucous

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18
Q

What elements of lung function are affected by cystic fibrosis

A

The shorter diffusion pathway is made larger

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19
Q

How do sufferers of fibrosis adjust to compensate for the change in their lung function

A

Increase ventilation (breathing) rate

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20
Q

What forms in the lungs of TB sufferers

A

Scar tissue

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21
Q

What disease does TB eventually lead to?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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22
Q

How does reducing the quantity of oxygen available affect the cells of the body

A

Reduces the rate of respiration

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23
Q

What reaction occurs in which larger molecules are broken into smaller ones

A

hydrolysis

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24
Q

Why must molecules be made smaller to allow digestion

A

To allow them to pass through cell membranes

25
Q

What two enzymes break down carbohydrates

A

Amylase and membrane-bound dissacharidases

26
Q

Which enzyme breaks down lipids

A

Lipases

27
Q

Explain how bile salts aid with the digestion of lipids

A

Bile salts emulsify lipids into micelles. This increases the SA for lipase to act upon

28
Q

Which three enzymes break down proteins

A

Endopepitdases, Exopeptidases, Depeptidases

29
Q

Briefly outline how the following enzymes carry out their function

a) Endopeptidases
b) Exopeptidases
c) Dipeptidases

A

Endopeptidases attack anywhere along polypeptide chain, except ends. Exopeptidases attack ends of polypeptide chain. Dipeptidases break down dipeptides into single amino acids

30
Q

Where in mammals does absorption occur

A

Ileum

31
Q

What mechanism permits absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides

A

Co-transport

32
Q

State the equation for cardiac output (CO)

A

CO=heart rate x Stroke volume

33
Q

What is the role of Haemoglobin

A

To transport 02 around the body

34
Q

Do all organisms have the same type of haemoglobin

A

No

35
Q

What is haemoglobin made out of

A

3-4 Protein with the prosthetic group Fe

36
Q

Which metal ion is at the centre of the haemoglobin molecule

A

Fe

37
Q

In what cells is haemoglobin located

A

Red Blood cell

38
Q

How does one oxygen molecule binding to haemoglobin affect the binding of other molecules

A

It makes it easier

39
Q

Outline the Bohr effect

A

As ppCO2 increases, oxygen affinity decreases

40
Q

How do high altitude animals adapt to the low oxygen environment

A

They produce haemoglobin that has a higher affinity for oxygen

41
Q

What is the function of the kidneys

A

To filter the blood

42
Q

How do valves aid in heart function

A

Prevent back flow of blood and help maintain pressure

43
Q

What connects the valves to the walls of the heart

A

Chords (valve tendons)

44
Q

Describe the structure of the Arterioles and how it relates to the function

A

Thicker muscle than arteries.
Able to control movement of blood into capillaries.
Lower blood pressure than arteries so thinner elastic layer

45
Q

Describe the structure of the Veins and how it relates to the function

A

Thin muscle as not controlling blood flow to tissues.

Thin elastic as low blood pressure. thin wall as low blood pressure. Valves prevent backflow

46
Q

What feature of capillaries, relating to red blood cells, is important for their role as exchange surfaces

A

They are smaller. this pushes red blood cells right up against the capillary wall to shortest diffusion pathway

47
Q

Why is fluid forced out of the capillaries at the start of the capillary bed

A

Large hydrostatic pressure in capillary

48
Q

Were is hydrostatic press lower, the venue end or the arteriole end

A

Venule end

49
Q

How does the water potential of the blood change across the capillary bed

A

It gets lower

50
Q

What system is responsible for draining the excess fluid away from the tissues and back into the circulatory system

A

Lymphatic system

51
Q

What dead tissue in plants transports water

A

Xylem

52
Q

Outline the 4 steps fo the cohesion tension theory, starting at the leaves

A

1) Water evaporates from leaves
2) Tension created so water pulled into leaves from xylem
3) Cohesive water molecules pulled up xylem
4) Water enters xylem through roots

53
Q

Which living tissue transports organic substances

A

Phloem

54
Q

Does translocation require energy

A

yes

55
Q

Where do solutes move from and to in translocation

A

Source to Sink

56
Q

How do enzymes maintain a concentration gradient in translocation

A

They use up solutes at the sink, converting them to a different product to maintain a diffusion gradient

57
Q

What is the name of the best supported theory for how translocation occurs

A

Mass Flow

58
Q

How does ringing allow scientists to investigate transport in plants

A

Remove a ring of bark from a stem. Accumulation of sugars above the ring causes the bark to bulge, which indicates it is the phloem in the bark which is responsible for transporting sugars

59
Q

Name the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart?

A

Leaving - aorta — renal artery (left ventricle to kidneys)
Leaving - Pulmonary artery (Right ventricle to lungs)

Entering - Renal vein — Vena Cava (kidneys tho right atrium)
Entering - Pulmonary vein (lungs to left atrium)

biology factual recall questions (9 decks)

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