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biology factual recall questions > Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems > Flashcards

Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define Genotype

A

The different alleles an organism has

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2
Q

define Phenotype

A

The characteristics an organism has a result of it’s genotype

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3
Q

Define Homozygous

A

When two copies of the same allele are present at a locus

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4
Q

Define codominant

A

When both alleles are expressed in the phenotype as neither are recessive

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5
Q

True or false: there are only two alleles of each gene

A

False - each person only usually has two alleles but many can exist

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6
Q

Give three types of alleles relating to expression of characteristics

A

Dominant, recessive, codominant

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7
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance

A

Inheritance of a characteristic controlled by a single gene

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8
Q

What is phenotypic ratio

A

The ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring

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9
Q

What is epistasis

A

When an allele of one gene blocks the expression of another

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10
Q

Give the equation for the chi-square value

A

(O-E)2
x2= funny E ————-
E

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11
Q

When is the chi-squared test used

A

To see if the results of an experiment support a theory

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12
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring

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13
Q

Define population

A

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time. They must have the potential to interbreed

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14
Q

define gene pool

A

The complete range of alleles in a population

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15
Q

State the equation for genotype frequency per the Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 =1

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16
Q

Give two conditions required for the hardy-weinberg principle to be valid

A

A large population with no immigration, emigration, mutations or natural selection. There must be random mating - all possible genotypes catered with others

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17
Q

What does the hardy-weinberg principle predict

A

The frequency of alleles in a population won’t change from one generation to the next

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18
Q

What is the primary source of genetic variation

A

mutation

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19
Q

Give three examples of environmental factors which can lead to variation

A

food
climate
lifestyle

20
Q

What two processes can evolution occur by

A

genetic drift

natural selection

21
Q

What is the term for pressures that affect an organism’s survival chance

A

selection pressures

22
Q

How does the frequency of beneficial alleles change from one generation to the next

A

it increases

23
Q

Give the three types of natural selection

A

stabilising selection
directional selection
disruptive selection

24
Q

What is speciation

A

the development of a new species from an existing species

25
Q

How do allopatric and sympatric speciation differ

A

Allopatric requires populations to be geographically isolated, sympatric is in populations that aren’t isolated from one another

26
Q

Give an example of something which could cause allopatric speciation

A

formation of a river on a landscape

27
Q

How may mechanical changes lead to reproductive isolation

A

change in shape of reproductive organs means two groups of a species can no longer engage in reproduction

28
Q

In what communities does evolution occur via genetic drfit

A

small ones

29
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

All the organisms living in a community plus all the abiotic conditions in the area in which they live

30
Q

Give an example of as many of the following as you can

1) Biotic factors
2) Abiotic factors

A

1) predator presence, abundance of food

2) Temperature, water abundance, O2 abundance, CO2 abundance, nutrient availability

31
Q

What is a niche

A

a niche is the role a species plays in its environment

32
Q

What happens if two species occupy the exact same niche

A

They compete till one dies out or till one adapts to occupy a different niche

33
Q

Why may the carrying capacity of an ecosystem vary

A

abiotic and biotic factors may change, making it more/less hostile

34
Q

Describe the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition

A

interspecific is when organisms of different species compete for the same resource.
Intraspecific is when organisms of the same species do so

35
Q

How can the size of a population be estimated for slow moving/non motile organisms

A

Using quadrants or transects placed at random intervals

36
Q

How can the size of a population be estimated for motile organisms

A

Using nets or other methods to capture organisms, marking, releasing and recapturing

37
Q

When performing the mark-release-recapture method of estimating population size what assumptions must be made

A

The sample has enough time to reintegrate with the population. The marking hasn’t affected the individual’s survival chance. There are no changes to population size due to births, deaths or migration during the study

38
Q

Give the equation used to estimate population size through mark-release-recapture

A

number caught in first sample x number caught in second sample divided by number marked in second sample

39
Q

What is meant by the phrase “ecosystems are dynamic systems”

A

They are constantly changing

40
Q

In primary succession, what is the first species to colonise an area called

A

pioneer species

41
Q

How do pioneer species change the abiotic conditions

A

They make them less harsh

42
Q

When a new species moves into the area, what happens to the pioneer species

A

it is outcompeted

43
Q

What does this eventually lead to

A

a climax community

44
Q

How does secondary succession differ from primary succession

A

it starts on land that has had organisms on previously

45
Q

What is a plagioclimax

A

when succession is stopped artificially by humans

46
Q

Why do humans often manage succession

A

to conserve species

47
Q

State four ways it is possible to help conserve species

A 
managing succession
seed banks
captive breeding
fishing quotas
protected areas

biology factual recall questions (9 decks)

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