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biology factual recall questions > Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms > Flashcards

Genetic information, variation and relationships between organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give three ways prokaryotic DNA differs from Eukaryotic DNA

A

Shorter
Not associated with proteins
circular

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2
Q

What proteins are DNA molecules in eukaryotes associated with

A

Histone proteins

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3
Q

Name two organelles of Eukaryotes which contain DNA

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

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4
Q

What two things do genes code for the production of

A

Amino acid sequence of a peptide

Functional RNA

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5
Q

Name the term for the position on a chromosome that a specific gene occupies

A

locus

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6
Q

What is meant by the term “Degenerate code”

A

several codons code for the same amino acid

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7
Q

What are the no-coding sections of DNA called

A

Introns

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8
Q

Name the four different bases in DNA

A

Gyannine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine

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9
Q

Which base is switched to Uracil in RNA

A

Thymine

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10
Q

Define Genome

A

The complete set of genes in a cell

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11
Q

Define Proteome

A

A full range of proteins a cell is able to produce

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12
Q

Define Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

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13
Q

Two sister chromatids are joined at what

A

Centromere

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14
Q

The section of three bases in tRNA which binds to the mRNA strand is called

A

Anticodon

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15
Q

Give the three components of DNA

A

Deoxyribose 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate bacjbone
Nitrogen containing base

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16
Q

What is the difference in RNA

A

Ribose 5 carbon sugar

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17
Q

State the complementary base pairings in DNA and RNA

A

C-G, A-T. A-U in RNA

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18
Q

In what process is pre-mRNA created

A

Transcription

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19
Q

Which enzyme is involved in this process to join RNA nucleotides together

A

RNA Polymerase

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20
Q

What is the DNA strand known as in this process

A

Template strand

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21
Q

What happens to pre-mRNA before it leave the nuclear envelope

A

The introns are removed

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22
Q

When mRNA is in the cytoplasm, which organelle does it attach to for the next stage of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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23
Q

What bond forms between two amino acids in protein synthesis

A

Peptide bond

24
Q

What is the role of ATP in translation

A

Provides energy for bond to form between tRNA and the amino acid

25
Q

What is the role of tRNA in translation

A

Carries amino acids to the nucleotide. Lines them in correct order

26
Q

What is a gene mutation

A

A change in the DNA base sequence of chromosomes

27
Q

What difference often arises due to substitution mutations

A

A single different amino acid

28
Q

Why do some substitution mutations not affect the protein function at all

A

Degenerate DNA. Several codons can code for same amino acid

29
Q

In a deletion mutation, why is it unlikely that the polypeptide coded for will function correctly

A

Frame shift occurs

30
Q

What is the process called in which mutations in the number of chromosomes occurs

A

Chromosome non disjunction

31
Q

In sexual reproduction, what fuses to give rise to a new offspring

A

Gametes

32
Q

What is a diploid number of chromosomes

A

Number of chromosomes. A diploid is two copies of each (2n)

33
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 (23 pairs)

34
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

Pairs of matching chromosomes

35
Q

In the first stage of meiosis, meiosis 1 what separates

A

The homologous pairs

36
Q

What then separates in meiosis 2

A

Sister chromatids

37
Q

name two processes which increase genetic variation int eh offspring which are a result of meiosis

A

Crossing over, independent segregation of chromosomes

38
Q

outline the process which occurs in meiosis 1 which increases genetic variation

A

Crossing over. The chromatids wrap around each other and swap bits of genetic. information. This means each chromatid has the same genes but a different combination of alleles

39
Q

How many haploid daughter cells are produced from one diploid parent cell

A

4

40
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The number of different alleles in a species / population

41
Q

outline natural selection

A

Individuals with an allele that increases survival change are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. This leads to an increase of allele frequency of beneficial genes, which over time leads to evolution

42
Q

What causes bacteria to be resistant to antibiotics

A

Mutation in their DNA allows some bacteria to survive the use of antibiotics. This enables those bacteria to survive and reproduce, passing on the resistant alleles to their offspring

43
Q

What type of selection is exemplified by antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Directional selection

44
Q

Why are human birth weights an example of stabilising selection

A

Babies at the extreme ends aren’t able to survive

45
Q

Give an example of anatomical adaptation that can result from natural selection

A

Anatomical are physical features such as an animal’s shape

46
Q

Give an example of Physiological adaptation that can result from natural selection

A

Include the ability to make venom but also more general functions such as temperature regulation

47
Q

Give an example of behavioural adaptation that can result from natural selection

A

behavioural adaptations can be inherited r learnt and include tool use, language and swarming behaviour

48
Q

Define species

A

a species is a group of similar organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

49
Q

What parts of the classification system are used to name a species

A

Genus, Species

50
Q

Starting with Domain, list the hierarchy of classification

A 
DKPCOFGS
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
51
Q

Give two benefits to the species of courtship behaviour

A

Prevents mating with members of different species. Allows members of species to know when others are read to mate

52
Q

What is species richness a measure of

A

The number of different species in a community

53
Q

What does the index of diversity look at? How is it calculated

A

The number of species and the abundance of each species in a community
N(N-1)
d = —————————————–
weird sharp E shape n(n-1)

where d = diversity
N= total number of organisms of all species
n = total number of organisms of EACH species

54
Q

How do farming techniques effect biodiversity

A

Reduce

55
Q

Give three methods that can be done to help achieve a balance between food production and conservation

A

Plant hedges between fields instead of using fences.
Leaving margins around fields for wild flowers to grow.
Leave fields unplanted occasionally

56
Q

Name three ways in which it is possible to measure genetic diversity within or between species

A

Genome sequencing
Comparing amino acid sequences
Immunological comparisons

57
Q

What is the best way to eliminate sampling bias

A

Random sampling

biology factual recall questions (9 decks)

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