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biology factual recall questions > Muscles and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Muscles and Homeostasis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the three types of muscle in the body

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal

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2
Q

In an antagonistic muscle pair, which is the agonist and which is the antagonist

A

Agonist - contracting

Antagonist - relaxing

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3
Q

What bundles of cells make up skeletal muscle

A

muscle fibres

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane of muscle fibre called

A

sarcolemma

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5
Q

What does the transverse (T) tubule do

A

help spread electrical impulses through the sarcoplasm so that they reach all parts of the muscle fibre

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6
Q

What is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

calcium ions

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7
Q

Why do muscle fibres have lots of mitochondria

A

to provide ATP for muscle contraction

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8
Q

which filaments make up the dark band of a myofibril

A

thick myosin filaments and some overlapping actin filaments

These are called A bands

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9
Q

What is contained in the I bands

A

actin filaments

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10
Q

What gets shorter when muscles contract

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

What two binding sites are present on a myosin head

A

actin binding site

ATP binding site

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12
Q

What allows the myosin head to move back and forth

A

Hinge

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13
Q

at rest, what does tropomyosin do

A

blocks actin from binding to the myosin-actin binding site

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14
Q

When an action potential from a motor neurone stimulates a muscle cell, what is depolarised

A

Sarcolemma. This spreads down T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What two things do Ca2+ ions do to allow the formation of a cross bridge

A

bind to tropomyosin, changing its shape and thus preventing it from blocking the binding site. They also activate ATP Hydrolase, releasing energy to cause the myosin head to bend allowing muscle contraction

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16
Q

By what process are Ca2+ ions moved back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Active transport

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17
Q

Give the equation for the phosphorylation of ADP by PCr

A

ADP+PCr->ATP+Cr

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18
Q

What kind of exercise is the ATP- phosphocreatine system good for

A

Short intense bursts, such as a tennis serve

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19
Q

Is the ATP-phosphocreatine system anaerobic or aerobic

A

Anaerobic

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20
Q

Give two structural differences between slow and fast twitch muscle fibres

A

Slow twitch fibres have lots more mitochondria to supply energy over a long period. They have plentiful blood supply to allow respiration

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21
Q

Why is maintaining a stable homeostatic environment important

A

To ensure enzymes have the optimal environment in which to function

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22
Q

What is the effect of a high temperature on enzyme activity

A

Speed it up, until the point where H-bonds break and the enzyme denatures

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23
Q

Explain the effect on the water potential of the blood in relation to high blood glucose concentration

A

High blood glucose concentration means a low water potential of the blood, so water diffuses out of the ells and into the blood via osmosis. this can cause cells to die

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24
Q

Explain the effect on the water potential of the blood in relation to low blood glucose concentration

A

If blood glucose concentration is low, water potential is high. There won’t be enough glucose for cells to respire effectively

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25
Q

Describe the negative feedback mechanism

A

The level of a substance is too high or low, receptors detect the change and communicate with the cells via either the nervous or hormonal system to have the effectors respond (the) bring the change back to normal levels

26
Q

Why does negative feedback only function within certain limits

A

If a change Is too big, the effectors cannot counteract the change

27
Q

When does blood glucose concentration rise and fall

A

Rises after eating, falls when exercising

28
Q

Which cells in the islet of Langerhans secrete each hormone

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon beta cells secrete insulin

29
Q

give the reactions for Glycogenesis

A

Glucose->Glycogen-activated by insulin

30
Q

give the reactions for Gluconeogenesis

A

Glycerol/Amino Acids - >Glucose - Activated by glucagon

31
Q

give the reactions for Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen->Glucose - Activated by glucagon

32
Q

Why are hormonal responses slower than nervous responses

A

Hormones must travel through the blood

33
Q

When the pancreas detects high blood glucose concentration, which hormone secretion is stopped

A

Glucagon secretion is stopped

34
Q

When insulin binds to receptors on muscle cell membranes what happens

A

They become more permeable to glucose as vesicles with GLUT4 proteins fuse with the cell membrane

35
Q

To what cells does glucagon bind

A

Receptors

36
Q

Where is adrenalin secreted from

A

Adrenal glands

37
Q

When is adrenalin secreted

A

Low concentration of glucose in blood
when stressed,
when exercising

38
Q

What process is inhibited by adrenalin

A

Glycogenesis

39
Q

Outline the secondary messenger model

A

A hormone binds to receptors on the outside of cells.
This activates an enzyme inside of the cell which produces a chemical known as a secondary messenger.
This allows non lipid soluble hormones to effect the inside of cells

40
Q

Which two hormones are secondary messengers

A

Adrenalin

Glucagon

41
Q

What enzyme is activated when these 2 secondary hormones (adrenalin and glucagon) bind to their receptors

A

Adenylate cyclase

42
Q

In the secondary messenger model What is ATP then converted to once the enzyme Adenylate cyclise is activated

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

43
Q

Once ATP is converted into cAMP What enzyme does this activate

A

Protein kinase A which breaks down glycogen to glucose

44
Q

Which type of diabetes is acquired later in life and is linked to obesity

A

Type 2

45
Q

What cells does the immune system attack in type 1 diabetes

A

Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans

46
Q

How can people take steps to reduce their risk of developing diabetes

A

Exercise

Eat less sugar

47
Q

How do type 1 diabetics control insulin levels

A

Insulin pens

Controlling diet

48
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

Regulating the water levels of the blood

49
Q

What cells in the hypothalamus monitor the water potential of the blood

A

Osmoreceptors

50
Q

When water potential of the blood is low, what hormone is released into the blood

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

51
Q

What gland releases this hormone (ADH)

A

Posterior pituitary gland

52
Q

Which cells become more permeable to water because of this hormone (ADH) binding to them

A

cells in the walls of the DCT and collecting duct

53
Q

What are the substances that enter the Bowman’s Capsule known as

A

Glomerular filtrate

54
Q

In selective reabsorption, where do useful substances pass from and to

A

They leave the tubules of nephrons and enter the capillary network wrapped around them

55
Q

Where in the body is the medulla

A

the kidneys

56
Q

Which filaments make up the light band of the myofibril

A

Light bands contain thin actin filaments

These are called I bands

57
Q

What is the M line

A

It is the middle of the myosin filaments

58
Q

What is the H zone

A

The H zone is around the M line and only contains myosin filaments

59
Q

What is the sarcolemma

A

The cell membrane of muscle fibre cells

60
Q

What is the sarcoplasm

A

A muscle cell’s cytoplasm

61
Q

What is the sarcoplasm is recticulum

A

Membrane bound sacs around the myofibrils which release calcium ions for muscle contraction

62
Q

What is the sarcomere

A

The smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle fibre

biology factual recall questions (9 decks)

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