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biology factual recall questions > First Chapter > Flashcards

First Chapter Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is oxygen electronegative or electropositive

A

Electronegative

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2
Q

Is hydrogen electronegative or positive

A

ElectroPositive

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3
Q

Water is a polar molecule. What does this mean

A

It can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

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4
Q

What is cohesion

A

It is an important part of transpiration
Water molecules stay close together when in liquid form
Enables of column of water to move through a plant

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5
Q

What is the word for the attraction of water molecules to other substances

A

Adhesion

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6
Q

Is water more or less dense in its solid form

A

Less dense (solid water floats!)

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7
Q

Why is the fact that water is less dense in its solid form important

A

When water freezes in a river life can continue under it - even in an ice age

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8
Q

What is a universal solvent

A

Due to the polarity of water molecules, liquid water can dissolve a wide range of polar solutes

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9
Q

——- is a component of metabolic reactions

A

Water

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10
Q

Reactions that produce water as a byproduct are called

A

Condensation reactions

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11
Q

Reactions that take in water as a reactant are called

A

Hydrolysis reactions

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12
Q

What is specific heat capacity

A

It takes 4.2J to heat up 1g of water by 1degree

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13
Q

Why is it important that water has a high specific heat capacity

A

The water effectively buffers the temperature changes so organisms living in the water have a more stable environment in which they can operate
Over the whole planet water absorbs energy from the sun keeping the global temperature relatively constant

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14
Q

How does the latent heat of vaporisation help in removing excess heat form the body

A

Water can absorb a lot of energy before turning from a liquid into a gas. Therefore when someone is sweating the evaporation removes some heat without requiring an excessive quantity of water

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

The chemical process by which water is used to break a bond in a molecule

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16
Q

What type of bonding takes place between molecules in liquid water

A

Hydrogen bonding

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17
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

A bond in a polysaccharide

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18
Q

What elements are present in a carbohydrate

A

C, H and O

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19
Q

What property of carbon enables it to form chains

A

It can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms

20
Q

What sugars comprise the disaccharide sucrose

A

Alpha glucose and fructose

21
Q

What are the two structure types of starch

A

Amylopectin and amylose

22
Q

How does the structure of cellulose make it useful as a structural polysaccharide

A

It is an unbranched, straight, molecule with hydrogen bonding between the cellulose molecules. This makes it very strong

23
Q

What is the name of the bond between a fatty acid and glycerol

A

Ester bond

24
Q

What state will a fat and an oil be at 20 degrees C

A

Fats are solid whilst oils are liquid

25
Q

Why are lipids insoluable in water

A

They are hydrophobic

26
Q

How can a triglyceride be broken down into its constituent fatty acids and glycerol

A

Hydrolysis

27
Q

What is a saturated fat

A

A saturated fat has no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains

28
Q

What is an unsaturated fat

A

An unsaturated fat has at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains

29
Q

Why is an unsaturated fat more likely to be an oil

A

The double or triple bonds in an unsaturated fat cause a “kink” to appear in the fatty acid chain. This makes unsaturated fats less able to form solids

30
Q

Give three reasons why triglycerides are useful to an organism

A

Temperature insulation
electrical insulation around neurones
support around organs
energy store

31
Q

What is the name of the bond between two amino acids in a polypeptide

A

Peptide bond

32
Q

What groups are present in an amino acid

A

An amine group, NH2
A carboxylic acid group COOH
An R group

33
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there

A

20

34
Q

Where do animals obtain the essential amino acids

A

Animals have to eat other animals and plants

35
Q

What is meant by the primary structure of a polypeptide

A

The primary structure is the order of amino acids in the polypeptide

36
Q

Give four ways the three dimensional shape is maintained in the tertiary structure of a protein

A

Disulphides bridges
Hydrogen bonding
Ionic bonds
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction

37
Q

How does the quaternary structure of a protein differ from the tertiary
structure

A

The quaternary structure includes more than one subunit

38
Q

Name the two types of protein and state if they are insoluble or soluble

A

Fibrous (insoluble) and globular (soluble)

39
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse metabolic reactions

40
Q

Describe how a competitive inhibitor works

A

It attaches to the active site of an enzyme so that the actual substrate can not fit

41
Q

Describe how a non competitive inhibitor works

A

A non competitive inhibitor alters the shape of the active site from a distance

42
Q

Why is an enzyme denatured at high temperatures

A

High temperatures cause the disulphides bridges and hydrogen bonds to permanently break, causing the shape of the enzyme to be irreversibly altered

43
Q

How does pH affect the active site

A

Ph affects the active site by altering its shape. Unlike with temperature the change is not permanent

44
Q

How do enzymes affect activation energy

A

They reduce it

45
Q

Give an example of a coenzyme

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

biology factual recall questions (9 decks)

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